Hatcheries whose purpose is to provide for a recreational fishery must minimize impacts on wild fishes. Management to reduce hatchery and wild interactions is especially important on river systems that contain Endangered Species Act (ESA) listed species. I examined adult hatchery summer steelhead, Oncorhynchus mykiss, behavior, current management and a...
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria capable of producing toxins, including complex cyclic peptides called microcystins. Hazardous cyanobacterial blooms are an emerging public health concern and are monitored throughout Oregon in various recreational and drinking water bodies. Oregon has been proactive and responsive to the problems associated with toxic cyanobacterial blooms, but...
A number of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) populations are at risk throughout Oregon, including five populations that are federally listed as threatened or endangered. However, little is known about behavior and survival of these fish as they transition from freshwater to seawater. We investigated whether estuarine survival varies on a temporal...
Understanding the origin and nature of intra specific biodiversity enables us to better conserve and manage animal populations. Biological diversity is seen at different scales and for different traits such as behavior, morphology, physiology, and life history. Behavior is especially important since behavioral changes are believed to precede changes in...
The collagen content and composition of collagens in
different age classes of shrimp were determined. Their
physical and chemical characteristics were investigated.
The interrelationship of shrimp size and muscle collagen
content to raw and cooked meat yield was established.
Total collagen content for three lots of round shrimp
with weights...
Proteases present in shrimp processing waste are factors in the
technology of shrimp. The distribution of proteolytic activity in
shrimp parts was determined using hemoglobin and casein as substrates. The effects of various parameters upon activity of proteases
in the inedible portion were determined using muscle protein as a
substrate....
The effects of ambient temperature storage on the chemical
and nutritional characteristics of phosphoric and sorbic acid-stabilized
fish autolysates were determined. Variations in sample
composition due to autolysis, deboning, and acidification were also
evaluated.
Autolysates of English sole (Parophrys vetulus), true cod
(Gadus macrocephalus), Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus), and
orange...
Chilling (2-4°C) (10 min) in a solution containing 10% condensed
phosphate, 5% potassium sorbate, and 0.9% citric acid (pH 6.7)
stabilized round shrimp to microbial spoilage. This treatment procedure
allowed refrigerated storage of round shrimp eliminating the
need for ice and the accompanying deteriorative effects of water
absorption and protein...
The abundance and low fat content of Pacific whiting
support Its use for the production of surimi. The
degradation of muscle proteins by myxosporidian secreted
proteinase(s) has been associated with its soft texture.
High residual activity is retained through the washing
process used in the production of surimi and precludes...
A suitable method for the utilization of shrimp processing waste was investigated. The shrimp waste, which consisted of shell, viscera, and residual meat particles, was dried into a pink meal. This meal contained 5.4 percent moisture, 23.5 percent ash, 4. 1 percent crude lipid, 36. 3 percent actual protein, and...
The biochemical and organoleptic changes that took place in
raw whole Pacific shrimp and in the cooked meat during eight days
of iced storage were investigated.
A steady increase of both microbial numbers on the raw shrimp
and pH in the raw shrimp and cooked meat was observed.
The levels...
The relationship between the decomposition of trimethylamine
oxide in Pacific shrimp and shrimp meat quality was investigated to
evaluate the use of the trimethylamine oxide system as a quality
control indice.
Changes in the levels of trimethylamine oxide and its decomposition
products in whole shrimp stored on ice and in...
The optimum conditions for the proteolytic solubilization of
trash fish and processing carcass waste in a simple shell-in-tube
heat exchange system was investigated. The nutritional and chemical
effects of processing variables were evaluated.
An exogenous source of proteolytic enzymes (albacore tuna
viscera, Thunnus alalunga) yielded a linear increase in the...
The influence of protein adjuncts and variations in pH on the
cook-cool loss, moisture content, and texture of squid gels was
investigated. Break force (P [greater than or equal to] .025), deformation to break (P [greater than or equal to] .01)
and cook-cool loss (P [greater than or equal to]...
Means of improving yield and quality of cooked meat from Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) were investigated. Processing factors of cooking time, cooking medium, and condensed phosphate treatment were evaluated. The effect of condensed phosphate treatment and its interrelationship with cooking time and medium on meat was determined.
Meat yield (wet...
Machine separated flesh from American shad (Alosa
sapidissima) was evaluated for preparing heat set gel products.
Round fish frozen for 15) to 10 months at -18°C served as raw
material for processing investigations. The effectiveness of
various additives and processing procedures for improving gel
strength and sensory characteristics were determined....
Treatment of round shrimp (3 days post-catch) in 6% condensed
phosphate solution at temperatures ranging from 39 (3.9°C) to 86°F
(30°C) reduced meat yield derived by mechanical peeling from 30.0
to 16.4% (wet wt.) according to the linear function y = -.2787 x +
42.7262 (P>.005). Condensed phosphate treatment at...
The effect of the application of condensed phosphate
(Brifisol D-510, commercial mixture of sodium tripolylphosphate
and sodium hexametaphosphate) to round shrimp on the
yield and frozen shelf-life characteristics of cooked meat
was investigated. Condensed phosphate retarded protein solubilization
and increased the water-holding capacity of meat
through steam precooking markedly improving...
The effect of round shrimp post-catch age on the frozen shelf-life
characteristics of processed cooked meat was evaluated. Refrigerated
shrimp, one, three, and five days post-catch, were cooked,
mechanically peeled, frozen at -29°C and held for a period of twelve
months at -18°C. At three month intervals, samples were subjected...
This investigation was carried out to characterize
and quantitate the collagen of rockfish intramusclar
connective tissue. Different species ot rocktish were chosen
to represent the range of product quality experienced by the
fish processing industry. Species included widow, a rockfish
noted tor its soft flesh, yellowtail, a rockfish possessing
flesh...
Means of reducing the quantity of water required for the washing
unit operation in surimi processing were evaluated. The yield of flesh
mechanically dewatered with a screw press and the degree of reduction in
trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) content were used as indices of washing
efficiency. Variations in water:minced flesh ratio,...
Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) bacteria reside in soil, plant rhizospheres, and water, but the prevalence of Bcc in outdoor environments is not clear. In this study, we sampled a variety of soil and rhizosphere environments with which people may have contact: playgrounds, athletic fields, parks, hiking trails, residential yards and...
The High Lava Plains province (HLP) of southeastern Oregon is a Miocene to Recent volcanic upland characterized by widespread basaltic volcanism and west-migrating rhyolitic volcanism. New ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages for HLP rhyolites demonstrate that the trend of migrating rhyolitic volcanism is robust, reflecting westward migration at a rate of -35 km/m.y....
The major purpose of this research was to characterize partially degraded proteins
appearing in the ocular lens during aging and cataract, and to identify the responsible
proteolytic activities. This research is significant, because increased protein
degradation is associated with lens opacification and cataract. Determining the sites
where lens proteins become...
Blood, liver, kidney, femur, and ovaries were assayed
from female Wistar rats following oral administration of
uranyl nitrate. Three uranium concentrations were
studied for six time periods ranging from 4 hours to 240
hours following gavage. Uranium burdens of tissues were
determined by neutron activation and delayed fission
neutron counting...
The patterns of uptake, retention, and tissue distribution of
⁹⁵mTc in two freshwater species, the crayfish Pacifastacus
leniusculus and the snail Juga silicula have been investigated. The
animals were chronically exposed in water to which sodium
pertechnetate had been added. Final whole-body concentration ratios
(CR) obtained were 1.6 and 41...
This study examined the effects of sire breed and
weight on the performance of 117 crossbred wether lambs
born at the Oregon State University Agricultural
Experiment Station, Corvallis. Lambs were produced by
mating Clun Forest,Polypay, Dorset, Border Leicester, and
Suffolk sires to Columbia-type ewes. After weaning at
approximately 90 days...
Delayed neutron counting (DNC) is a variation of neutron activation analysis applicable only to fissionable elements. Briefly, it
involves exposing a sample to the neutron flux in a reactor to induce
fission, then quickly retrieving the sample to count the delayed
fission neutrons emitted. These are proportional to the amount...
A registered flock of Hampshire sheep that had been predominantly
closed for approximately 30 years was utilized to study the
effects of inbreeding on productivity of the 1980 and 1981 lamb crops.
Five generation pedigrees for ewes and rams were used to calculate
inbreeding coefficients. The median inbreeding coefficient of...
There is an increasing world inventory of radiotechnetium (mainly
⁹⁹Tc) and it is inevitable that some of this will be released to the
environment. However, little is known about the environmental behavior
of this element.
This work examined technetium's behavior in two representative
freshwater species, the pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera)...
This was a study designed to determine the occurrence of recovery
from radiation damage in Taricha granulosa. Irradiation with either
gamma or x-ray sources in the range of 96-10,000 rads was given. (The
mean or median survival times were determined.) Doses were fractionated
and the survival times for the same...
The testes of the gray-tailed vole (Microtus canicaudus Miller) exhibited a high affinity for selenium relative to other selected tissues. Uptake of selenium-75 in the testis-epididymis complex was delayed relative to uptake by the whole body, kidney, and liver. This pattern of uptake suggested that selenium was metabolically incorporated into...
A study was performed to assess the uptake and retention patterns
of cesium-134 in the gray-tailed vole, Microtus canicaudus Miller. To
furnish a realistic source of contaminated food for the voles, wheat
seedlings were raised in hydroponic solutions to provide radiocesium
labeled wheat clippings. The hydroponic system was designed to...
The uptake, tissue distribution and retention patterns of
cadmium, mercury and zinc were examined in the freshwater mussel,
Margaritifera margaritifera. All three of these heavy metals are
found in the environment. Both cadmium and mercury are toxic at
low environmental concentrations. Zinc may also be toxic at low concentrations
but...
The uptake, retention, and distribution of ⁶⁰Co, ⁶⁵Zn, ⁸⁵ Sr, and ¹³¹I was examined in the Rough-Skinned Newt (Taricha granulosa). Each of these radionuclides is a possible contaminant of the freshwater environment and, thus, is of importance in radioecology. The newts were maintained singly at 10° C in an unfed...
More than 2,000 male newts were collected during the summer
and maintained unfed at 10°C both pre- and post-irradiation.
Exposures ranging up to 30 kR were given with 300 kVp X-rays and
⁶⁰Co gamma rays. Half of the newts were injected (I. P.) with 15 g
DMSO/kg (the maximum sublethal...
The increasing knowledge of the significance of vitamin B₆ in
human metabolic processes has emphasized the importance of developing
reliable means of assessing nutritional status with respect to
this vitamin. One possible approach to this end is the measurement
of pyridoxal phosphate in blood or plasma, particularly since this
phosphorylated...
Iodoacetic acid and diphenylamine were used in this study to
elucidate the mechanisms of resistance of Micrococcus radiodurans
to radiation. This organism, a gram positive, non-spore forming,
salmon-pink, tetracoccus has a LD₅₀ of 213,000 R when grown in
the absence of radio-modifying agents.
M. radiodurans, when grown in media containing...
In horticultural nurseries for container-grown plants, production and sales have been threatened by the presence of a quarantined plant pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum (causal agent of sudden oak death). Infested nursery beds are an important source of P. ramorum, which can initiate disease through movement with surface water to infect roots...
Numerous populations of salmon and trout undergo extensive migrations, migrating from freshwater to the sea and throughout ocean basins. Years later they return to their natal streams with remarkable accuracy and precision. The outward migration is accomplished without the benefit of following experienced migrants or prior individual experience. Evidence suggests...
Numerous physical and chemical processes are required for successful ignition of a flammable mixture, many of which have been well characterized. However, one aspect of the ignition process that has received limited consideration is understanding the temperature of the spark kernel. A spark kernel is the volume of heated gas...
The purpose of this study is to measure and compare radiation emissions from flames burning large hydrocarbon fuels to assist in understanding how the molecular composition changes radiation emissions. Radiative heat transfer is significant because it is a primary mode of heat transfer for many combustion devices. This study also...
Combustion systems for transportation applications typically use large hydrocarbon fuels in turbulent premixed or partially premixed environments. Combustion products can enter the reaction region through natural recirculation or combustion control mechanisms. The objective of this study is to characterize how dilution by combustion products affects the turbulent consumption speed for...
The Moderate or Intense Low-oxygen Dilution (MILD) combustion regime has received interest from the industrial furnace and gas turbine engine industries due to attractive properties of reduced NO[subscript x] emissions and high thermal efficiency. MILD combustion is characterized by low oxygen concentrations (i.e. 3%-9% by volume) and high reactant temperatures....
Large-hydrocarbon fuels are used for ground and air transportation because of their high energy-density and will be for the foreseeable future. However, combustion of large-hydrocarbon fuels in a turbulent environment is poorly understood and difficult to predict. The turbulent flame speed, which is the velocity at which a flame front...
One of the biggest hurdles for a juvenile salmonid (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is migrating downstream from freshwater spawning grounds to the ocean. Juveniles from wild broodstock were reared from the South Santiam River for more than 1 year at the Oregon Hatchery Research Center (OHRC) in Alsea, OR. The fish were...
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David L.G. Noakes
One of the biggest hurdles for a juvenile salmonid (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is
This research seeks to identify how changes in temperature and oxygen concentration in the reaction zone affects liftoff heights for moderate or intense low-oxygen dilution (MILD) combustion of a jet fuel and a surrogate fuel. MILD combustion offers a method of burning fuels with reduced CO and NOx production by...
Spot fires caused by lofted embers (i.e., firebrands) can be a significant factor in the spread of wildland fires. Embers can be especially dangerous near the wildland-urban interface (WUI) because of the potential for the fire to be spread near or on structures. Many studies have investigated the transport of...
The aviation industry is pushing for better fuels and gas turbine engines for several reasons: cost, emissions, and to a lesser extent high-altitude relights. One aspect that research has been focused on to help reduce costs, emissions and better understand high-altitude relights is studying the combustion behavior of the fuel...
Anadromous salmonid populations in the Pacific Northwest have declined over the past 150 years. In 1999, wild spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were federally listed as threatened within the Willamette Basin, OR. Currently, practices to restore wild populations in the upper Willamette Basin involve trapping wild adults at the base...
Heat flux measurements of radiation emissions from turbulent premixed flames diluted with N 2 and CO 2 were taken to identify sensitivities of radiation heat loss to diluent fraction and species. This work is motivated by the desire to better characterise radiant heat transfer in the presence of combustion products,...
In the event of a mid-flight flameout of a gas turbine engine, reignition is paramount to occupant safety. Ignition at high altitude can be challenging, due in part to the potentially lower ambient pressures. An understanding of the effects of sub-atmospheric pressures on the temperature evolution of spark kernels is...
Gas turbine engines for propulsion applications can use fuel as a coolant, exposing the fuel to high temperatures well within the ranges associated with thermal decomposition. Species produced as a result of these processes have been shown to correlate with changes in the combustion performance of the fuels. In this...
Detonation combustion has gained interest throughout the years because of its potential to increase thermodynamic cycle efficiency when compared to deflagration based cycles. The expected benefits result from a pressure gain during the combustion process instead of a pressure drop, as observed for deflagrations. The implementation of detonations can be...
The forebody wake effect (FWE) is important to consider when designing parachute systems because it can affect parachute performance. Parachutes work by altering the aerodynamic properties of an attached forebody to control a descent. The FWE can reduce parachute drag, causing the system to descend faster than desired. This drag...
Smoldering can play a dangerous role in the ignition and spread of wildfires. Naturally occurring fuels consist of multiple layers of organic materials with varying particle sizes due to differences in decomposition stages with fuel depth, yet the influence of particle size on burning behavior is poorly understood. Previous research...
The operation of gas turbine engines depends on the reliable ignition of fuel/air mixtures. Gas turbine engines are commonly used as commercial and military aviation power plants. However, consistent ignition within gas turbine engines is still a problem, especially for more challenging operating conditions such as emergency operations. This work...
The severity of wildfires around the globe is increasing. At the same time, urban development is expanding outward into areas where severe fires occur. There is an increased risk of home loss to fires in areas where severe fires and urban expansion meet. Ignition of homes or nearby fuel is...
Wildland fire refers to an unpredictable and uncontrollable fire that happens in wildland areas. Regardless of the beneficial impacts of wildland fires on ecosystems, the destructive impacts of wildfires on air quality, economy, public health, etc. are considerable. An essential goal in the fire community is that the wildland fires...
Detonation combustion is of great interest for propulsion devices because of its potential to increase thermodynamic efficiency, reduce the weight of current gas turbine engines, and rapidly accelerate to high Mach numbers. Detonation engines might also have the ability to decrease harmful exhaust products from traditional propulsion methods. In order...
Smoldering combustion in wildland fires is difficult to extinguish, can transition to flaming combustion, and produces a significant amount of pollutants. It is necessary to understand parameters controlling smoldering in order to help predict the smoldering behavior and potentially mitigate these hazards. The wide variety of natural fuels that occur...