Thermal oxidation of methyl oleate was studied over a range of temperatures from 50 C to 150 C for periods of time up to 30 min. Degradation was quantitatively followed by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and liquid scintillation counting of the products of methyl oleate-U-14C heated under a stream of...
Studies involving freeze-dried methyl linolenate-gelatin foams indicate that the extent of lipid-protein interaction corresponds to the degree of autoxidation of the lipid fraction. It appears that approximately 11% of the malonaldehyde as defined by the 2-thiobarbituric acid test is firmly bound to the protein. The induction period of autoxidation is...
Pesticide chemists have recognized since the 1940's that ultraviolet light was deleterious to the insecticidal properties of certain compounds. However, it has been only within the last 15 years that a number of photodecomposition products of the chlorinated hydrocarbon
insecticides have been isolated and identified. The degradation of insecticides by...
A threshold pattern for the even-numbered free fatty acids (FFA) in butter depended on chain-length. Butyric acid had the lowest total average flavor threshold (AFT) of the more volatile FFA, and the total AFT values increased as chain-length increased through hexanoic and octanoic acids. A soapy after-taste predominated at and...
Eighty-one microbial species isolated from seafoods and other marine sources were examined to determine the extent of interactions among these species. Spot-plates, cross-plates, and concurrent growth experiments at 7, 15, 20, and 30 C indicated that Lactobacillus species were capable of inhibiting other microorganisms. Lactobacillus species isolated from oysters and...
This investigation was a trial to check the possibility of developing a frozen blackberry puree dessert. A blend of different varieties and selections of blackberries, as it may be expected in commercial production was preferred to provide the fruit-puree-mix.
Several stabilizers bearing different commercial names were added to the fruit...
Although Mexico is one of the major lime producing countries in the world the crop is not completely utilized. In this paper some ideas are reviewed in relation to various possible products that can be obtained from the efficient processing of limes. Among these are the extraction of the juice,...
The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the theory of Boolean matrices and apply this theory to construct contact networks by using algebraic methods.
The first section of this paper (Chapter I to III) describes Boolean algebra and its properties, the theory of Boolean matrices, and the...
The general problem of classroom scheduling is well known to be NP-complete. A typical classroom scheduling problem is that of assigning students to a limited number of pieces of laboratory equipment. Frequently several identical pieces of equipment are available only at fixed hours and have limited access due to physical...
Interoperability is the ability to enable different systems to work together and exchange data. Interoperability between different systems is achieved by using common standards and specifications. This paper talks about our research work on interoperability in Calendaring and Scheduling. There are many calendaring and scheduling software products on the market...
Caesar is an interactive graphic editor that is used to generate layouts for VLSI circuits. It runs on a VAX-11 /780 under the UNIX operating system with Berkeley extensions. Caesar has a unique and simple user interface. Phled is an enhanced version of Caesar that runs on a M68000-based engineering...
This project hypothesizes that the use of multiple ground-based remote sensing methods can collectively characterize the geophysical signatures of four marked human burials at the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians historic period cemetery. If the geophysical signatures of the marked burials can be characterized, these signatures may be used to...
With the growing trend in use of 3D laser scanning technology for data collection, it is important to study the various potential applications of this revolutionary technology. One such application is the measurement of road roughness at both large and small scales. At larger extents, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is...
Stem form development of trees in response to wind has been established in the literature to be a response to stem sway induced by the wind. The response is manifested in modifications to height and diameter growth which strengthen the stem against wind stresses. Experiments in the literature show that...
The area studied in detail, known as the Antone District,
is located in the southeast corner of Wheeler County, Oregon, ,
between longitude 119 37. and 119°54 east, and latitude 44°23
and 44°3O' north.
Surface elevations range from 3050 feet above sea level in
the northeast corner of the district,...
When considering a mechanized harvesting operation, the
harvest planner or researcher is faced with a multitude of modern
equipment choices. A decision support system (DSS) is presented
to assist in selecting the appropriate level of mechanization.
The DSS examines individual machines and formulates mechanized
harvesting systems from them that adequately...
FishXing (fish crossing), a computer aided stream crossing culvert model designed to analyze fish passage through culverts was compared with results of an Oregon Department of Forestry fish passage monitoring report. FishXing was created at Humboldt State University through sponsorship from the US Forest Service, USDA, Stream Team, Six Rivers...
This paper describes the analysis of data from a three-year gross time study of skyline, balloon, and helicopter yarding systems operating in Western Oregon. Data collection activities were designed and supervised by the Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S.D.A. Forest Service. The specific logging systems studied were running...
A computer program package to estimate cable yarding
payload capability was made. The package was intended to
expand applicability of existing packages and to be user
friendly. It has six system options: live skyline, standing
skyline, running skyline, slackline, multispan and highlead.
In the standing skyline and multispan analyses, load...
Motivation for cloud computing applications are listed. A Cloud Computing framework – MapReduce – is implemented. A document indexing application is built as an example MapReduce application on this framework. Focus is given to ease of job submission and scalability of the underlying network.
With the increase in demand for streaming media capabilities across the Internet, the focus has shifted from traditional client-server to peer-to-peer approaches. Content Distribution Networks (CDNs) have also recently moved from web acceleration to media streaming. P2P CDNs can be used both as a delivery mechanism and as an independent...
Finding an efficient way of distributing content in Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks has become important with the growing popularity of media streaming applications. Video multicast applications rely on the efficiency of content distribution from a single source to multiple receivers where one source streams a video to a large number of...
Network coding is a transmission paradigm that is known to achieve better network throughput in certain multicast topologies; however, the practicality of network coding has been questioned due to its high computational complexity. One of the drawbacks of using network coding is the long decoding times, this is mainly due...
This study outlines a procedure to review and identify the current forest management situation and techniques employed on
the Alsea District of the Siuslaw National Forest (SNF) in
Western Oregon and compare them to the situation and techniques
employed on the Bimbo-Lobaye Forest District (BLFD) in the
Central African Republic...
Through its Policy Analysis section, the Forest Service has conducted a Long Term Training Program in Systematic Analysis (hereinafter called the Program) at Michigan State University, then later, jointly at both Michigan State and Oregon State University f or twenty years. Approximately one hundred graduates of the Program are r-ijW...
It is the purpose of this paper to explore the integration of fire management into the land planning process. Through an understanding of fire management and its effects on other forest activities, a framework may be developed for meeting both the objectives of legislation in forest management and improvement in...
In the mid 1970's, two critical forest planning directives were legislated by Congress. The Forest and Rangelands Renewable Resoures Planning Act (RPA), mandating that the U.S. Forest service undertake long-range planning initiatives, was passed in 1974. The National Forest Management Act of 1976 amended the RPA planning process. Together, these...
Providing students with the skills necessary to identify trees is an ongoing challenge at Oregon State University. Several colleges within the university offer courses that teach tree identification. In the College of Forestry alone, two courses are offered that emphasize identification of native and introduced trees. The content and format...
The Tenino stand, located on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation (WSIR) near Warm Springs, Oregon, is being considered for treatment that will promote longterm forest health, fire resiliency, and wildlife habitat. The management direction for this area is outlined in two WSIR documents: 1) Integrated Resources Management Plan for the...
Tropical island ecosystems have proven to be inordinately vulnerable to invasions by exotic plants and animals. Today these islands only contain small
remnant populations of the original flora and fauna, and these populations are facing increasing pressure from invasive plants. This paper attempts to answer four important questions whose solutions...
The prescription presented covers two stands of timber, designated Stands A and B, owned by the Wolf family. The owners seek a management plan which will coordinate activities between the stands to yield a continuous flow of wood products and income.
The objectives of this paper are to: (1) describe the structure and output of SHRUB and RMS8O, (2) evaluate their respective ability to satisfy the needs of a state level timber assessment, and (3) demonstrate their application to forest planning using the state of California as the focus of a...
The three major public forest land managing agencies In Oregon (USDA - Forest
Service, Bureau of Land Management and State of Oregon) were studied to determine
how public lands are allocated to different uses. This project looked at pertinent laws
and policies to develop an understanding of the impacts these...
Successful implementation of a forest plan depends in large part on 1) the quality of that plan, 2) the amount of public ownership in it and 3) the ability of the Forest Service to effectively involve the public in the process of putting it into action. The first two'points are...
As the population in the United States and the world grows, the demand for wood products, recreation opportunities, clean air and water, and other primary and derived forest resources will grow. Opportunities to realize each of the forest resources in a given area may be mutually exclusive, and their production...
There are many diagnostic approaches to evaluate the nutritional status of a forest stand. "Inference based on site and stand characteristics, visual symptoms, and foliar analysis are suggested to have the greatest utility in routine evaluations, while soil analysis and pot trial techniques should primarily be regarded as research tools...
An analysis of a proposal to designate Grant County,
Oregon, sustained yield unit status is presented. A brief
history of the Sustained Yield Act and its applications
are also included. Demographic, geographic, and economic factors are used in a comparative format, using an existing sustained-yield unit and another county of...
This paper includes a literature review of the methodologies invoked to surmount difficulties inherent with aerial photograph mensuration. The synopsis of early achievements is followed by a more intensive examination of experimental studies of the last decade, particularly the work on controlled scale photography.
This report on the pursuit of...
In the past 3-5 years, two federal agencies, the Forest Service (FS) and the National Park Service (NPS), have initiated pilot programs in concessioner-operation of developed-site government recreation facilities, specifically family campgrounds and related facilities. These programs have been generally successful by agency measure, and consequently, both agencies have modified...
Although soil tillage has been used successfully to alleviate compaction of forest soil after logging in a number of management contexts, little is known about the feasibility of tilling in residual stands. In an attempt to weigh the benefits of tillage against possible damage done to residual trees during tillage,...
As the demands for forest products increase, additional timber harvesting operations can be expected on steep mountainous terrain, The resulting disruption of natural slope stability by man's disturbances (roadbuilding, logging and vegetative manipulation, etc.) may also accelerate mass movement processes in this terrain. Swanston (1969) defines mass movement as ".,...
The popularity of gravity-return skyline logging systems is now increasing in the Western United States. Simplicity seems to be the basis for their success. While two drum yarders are most commonly used, ·some systems, such as the Wyssen, use only a single drum for yarding. Carriages commonly used with these...
This paper describes the results of a study of log
truck travel speeds in three locations in Western Oregon on
favorable grades and curves. Independent variables of grade,
curve radius, width, ditch depth, superelevation, sight
distance, time of day, and maximum engine braking horsepower
were regressed against speed. Only grade...
Commercial thinning young growth forests is an increasingly
important silvicultural technique for improving second growth
management of Douglas-fir stands. Research aimed at advancing the
efficiency of skyline logging operations in small wood timber stands
is essential in order to make thinning these young stands economical.
The purpose of this study...
Skyline logging is a commonly used method of harvesting
logs, particularly on steep slopes. Logging systems
planners frequently solve two kinds of skyline analysis
problems. The first is the maximum payload problem and the
second is the standing skyline load path problem. Computer
assisted skyline analysis techniques have been available...
Tension relationships were determined in steel cable passed through a stump notch and anchored to another object. Tensions were measured in the cable coming into and leaving the notch with one full wrap on the stump. Data was collected from two sites with two test stumps (15.7 to 37.5 inches...
The Northwest timber industry is in a transition to a smallwood harvest environment. As the Northwest moves to smaller average diameter stands log values have decreased and harvest costs have increased. In an effort to increase profitability, Northwest loggers are beginning to "mechanize". The profitable operation of a mechanized harvest...
This project was one of several studies conducted during the summer of 1981 that were part of the Smallwood Harvesting Research Program administered through the Department of Forest Engineering, Oregon State University. The study looked·at the feasibility of falling and yarding whole trees as a combined activity in a cable...
Some results of a study conducted in the Sierra Nevada
Mountains west of Lake Tahoe are reported. The study measured
soil impacts resulting from the use of a Caterpillar Tractor
model D6D, a John Deere wheeled skidder model JD-640, and an FMC
Corporation model FMC 21OCA logging vehicle. The three...
Approximately 750 million acres, or one-third, of the total area in the United States is in forest land. The United States Forest Service, a 34,000 person agency of the Department of Agriculture, is responsible for the management of roughly 20 percent of the forest land in the United States. The...
The peat swamp forests of Sarawak are an important
resource in the context of the socio-economic development
of the state. Logging is the main activity in these forests.
In the absence of an economical mechanized system, the
method of harvesting has evolved into a highly organized
effective manual system. Though...
This paper describes the results of a time study conducted on the
Sierra National Forest to determine production capacity of the Madill 044
Skyline Yarding Crane operating in a partial cut situation for old-growth
mixed conifer stands. The yarder was rigged in the running skyline configuration
and used a Danebo...
A set of 119 study trees was identified in a 65 year-old Douglas-fir stand after a thinning operation conducted seven years ago using pre-planned skid trails and groundbased machinery. Some of the trails were tilled using a winged subsoiler after this operation in order to alleviate the effect of compaction...
This study evaluated the impact of using a rubber-tired skidder to keep the landing clear by sorting and decking the logs along the road prior to loading by a self-loading truck. The evaluation was accomplished through detailed time studies conducted on a Koller K-300 yarder, a Crown Super 3000 self-loader,...
The current production plan at the Potlatch Hybrid Poplar plantation in eastern Oregon is to haul 8,000 whole trees per day (170,000 bone dry Tons of chips annually) to a centrally located processing facility (CPF) where the poplar will be processed. Harvests begin in 2001 and continue on a seven-year...
Environmental concerns have prompted the need for reviving an old art: controlled felling. The methods currently used, jacking and lining, present new and varied problems for the faller in today's environment. One of the major concerns of the faller is the purpose of this paper what kind of forces are...
An extension of the sensitivity analysis of linear programming, called parametric programming is used in determining optimal sawtimber logging system mix. The five logging systems under study are manual log-length, system, log-length processor and harvester systems, manual tree-length system and tree-length harvester system. In conditions where it is not exactly...
Large woody debris recruitment to streams from adjacent riparian forests influences stream
channel morphology, sediment routing, and fish habitat. A mathematical model was developed
to 1) determine whether the trees in a stand adjacent to a stream, upon falling, would provide
large woody debris of a specified size to the...
Land managers are increasingly turning to a new tool for visually depicting, analyzing, and communicating the technical aspects of forestry, specifically in the area of timber harvest and unit design. This tool is computer-based image editing software. In the 1980's, it was referred to as image capture technology, or ICT....
In Pakistan, forest land is either owned by government or at least managed by provincial forest service if it is private land. Timber is logged by contractors and delivered by small four wheel drive trucks over low standard roads to a transfer yard, where it is unloaded to await transport...
The preparation of suitable sites for planting and growing of tree seedlings following logging is recognized by British Columbia Forest Service as a major silvicultural problem in the Central and Northern Interior regions of the province. Over the past few decades, scarification trials have been made with various types of...
There is much interest in the State of Vermont in cable harvesting. Since there are no time studies available for cable harvesting with various machines in Vermont, it is necessary to arrive at production and cost levels by a different method.
The method chosen for this paper is made up...
A model is presented which predicts the net present
value of a stand level multi-entry harvest plan. The model
accounts for potential volume losses due to harvest-related soil compaction. The goal of this project was to answer five economic questions about the issue of soil compaction in forestry. The five...
Drainage may be defined as the science or directing the removal of excess surface and ground water in such a manner as to safeguard the best interests of all concerned. Its ultimate objective in roads is the prevention of damage or failure of the road surface and subgrade by the...
In this paper the extent of the steep slope brush conversion problem will be estimated. Potential solutions and development should be commensurable with the extent of the problem. The state-of-the-art of steep slope site preparation and conversion will
be described. Feasible alternatives to these limited options will be developed.
Results of a recent production study indicate that a four man
crew thinning young growth Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga mensiezii (Mirb.)
Franco] with an Iglarid-Jones Trailer Alp can produce 1360 to 1460
cubic feet (38 to 41 cubic metres; 8160 to 8750 bd. ft.,) per eight
hour day on slopes of 10...
SkidPC 2000, written in Visual Basic Version 6.0, is an updated version of the 1987 DOS program that calculates the mobility and productivity of ground-based logging vehicles over a ground profile. As in the original program, the user enters the vehicle and operational conditions and the program will calculate the...
In recent years, inflation and a growing concern for soil compaction and environmental damage have affected both the forest manager and the logger. Balloons, helicopters, and skylines have been used to harvest timber and the results have been promising
(Dykstra, 1975, 1976). However, the high cost of using these aerial...
The focus of this study centers around the economic, technical, and environmental effects analysis of seven helicopter timber sales on four different national forests in Oregon and Washington. This paper is a constructive critique of these seven sales based on the author's personal observations and data collected from planning documents,...
This paper presents an evaluation of the cable loading
support capacity of red alder, Alnus rubra Bong., Sitka
spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr, and western hemlock,
Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., tail trees. Capacity is
measured in terms of combined stress resulting from
compression and bending, rather than the traditional methods...
In order to appraise timber, it is necessary to estimate logging costs with reasonable accuracy. The purpose of this study is to provide a rethod for estimating log loading costs in the Intermountain Region. Nine different log loaders were studied loading from cold decks on six USDA. Forest Service timber...
Operational forest planning is characterized by a lack of formal planning often using only the intuition and experience of the forest planners. There are a number of sources of variability found in operational planning. Like most businesses there is significant variability in the demand forecasts obtained from customers. Forestry differs...
Whole tree and tree length thinning are two alternatives which are likely to be more productive and may prove to be more cost effective
than conventional log length thinning. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare log length, tree length, and whole tree thinning techniques in terms...
Traditional rationale for design factors is briefly reviewed. Methodologies for determining these traditional design factors are lacking and are usually based upon subjective reasons which result in applying a design factor of 3.0 in all cases (western United States).
Factors which affect wire rope life are discussed. These factors include...
In recent years considerable work has been done in the development of improved logging machinery. The word improvement may bring to mind entirely new or improved systems which offer the logger greater mobility and efficient use of manpower. Logging has generally been labor intensive, however, "The need to achieve greater...
This paper describes a study done on swinging and processing whole tree, tree length and log length pieces in a smallwood Douglas-fir thinning. Two machines were evaluated, a 70 horsepower rubber tired skidder and a hydraulic loader mounted on a 6 x 4 live tandem truck.
The study took place...
The comercial thinning of second-growth stands in the Pacific Northwest is becoming increasingly important for satisfying the demand for timber. Cable logging will require the rigging of smaller intermediate support trees rather than those utilized on old-growth timber sales. This paper reports on the results of a study designed to...
In northeast China, logging has three stages; timber
harvest, transportation and the operations inside a timber
yard. The timber yard is an intermediate transhipment point between truck transport and rail transport to manufacturing centers. The transhipment capacity of the timber yard is often the limiting acitivity in the logging chain....
To improve the present state of Forestry and the
condition of forest workers is an important goal to be achieved in developing countries. With the growth of population, demand for wood products is increasing tremendously. Prices have gone up manyfold. One way to meet this demand is to increase productivity...
This paper presents data obtained in the study of an
18-wheel western type log truck outfitted with CTI and carrying a highway load. Operating on grades of 20 and 25 percent, drive shaft torque was monitored to quantify stress levels on the drive train while varying tire deflection. This paper...
Gradeability of log trucks is limited by either
vehicle rimpull or ground-tire adhesion. The analysis presented shows that log trucks in current use in the Pacific Northwest are limited by tire-slip gradeability rather than by rimpull. Analytic techniques were used to determine that gradeability is greatest for piggyback and least...
Evaluations were performed on three stream temperature prediction models: Heat
Source 5.6, SSTEMP 3.9, and Brown's equation. Each model was evaluated using data
collected from three Coastal Oregon and two western Cascade streams. Stream temperature
simulations were performed on two forested reaches, one clearcut reach, and one buffered
reach, for...
This paper represents preliminary engineering analysis on the pendulum swing balloon system. It also describes an
analysis of measurements taken in the summer o.f 1982,
during a field test of a 37,000-foot3 balloon used as a
prototype model under static conditions. This work
established the influence of important variables on...
The objective of this paper is to develop a methodology for determining running skyline yarder performance based on the mechanical characteristics of the yarder and its interaction with the load and the terrain. A code for implementing this procedure on the HP-9020 will be prepared .
Forest road planning is importaht in logging operations, because it can affect feasibility and cost of forest operations. Due to rapid advances in computer hardware, GIS software, and remote sensing techniques, computer forest road planning models using GIS are becoming practical. DEM data at 30 meter resolution are common and...
The calculation of optimum setting dimensions and road standards simultaneously on a timber sale is a common problem in uniform terrain. Analysis usually begins by evaluating certain road standards under various road spacings and profile geometries. Linear costs, single period entry and simplified skidding patterns are often assumed to permit...
The use of mechanized harvest equipment has been
increasing as an economical method to harvest small diameter
timber. While the use of this equipment is increasing,
little is known about associated soil compaction. In
particular, little information exists on soil compaction
caused by feller--bunchers.
This study measured soil compaction caused...
In the Pacific Northwest, loggers are faced with the problems of changing from logging old growth to second growth. This is due to the shrinking old growth timber supply and increased entry into the· second growth stands. Beuter (1 980) indicated that in western Oregon 70.2 percent by volume of...
This paper documents the development of a model which determines multiple stump anchor system displacement as a response to skyline load for four anchor rigging configurations: 1. Series multiple, 2. Tieback, 3. Elevated tieback, and 4. Equalizer block. It also documents the field testing of four two stump anchors rigged...
Time studies of logging equipment are important to determine
production rates, calculate logging costs and locate operating inefficiencies. However, using present time study techniques, they are also costly and time consuming to complete. This project will develop a new data gathering and storage technique using the HP-75
portable computer to...
The purpose of this study was to determine the significant
variables influencing the damage levels sustained by the residual
stand after skyline thinning of coniferous stands. Damage levels were
measured in ten study areas in western Oregon that had received their
first commercial thinning.
For this post-logging study, 38 units...
Small, independent logging contractors can benefit
from cost control and cost planning. This report
details the labor and equipment cost components of a
logging crew. Records, both required and available for
determining costs, are discussed. Recommended costing
procedures are illustrated. Although the study took
place in the Pacific Northwest, the...