This study explored how micro-credit benefits women processing cultured catfish into smoked form by obtaining and analyzing their perceptions. The specific objectives included identifying micro-credit sources used, sources preferred and ranking factors considered when deciding on a micro-credit choice. Multi-stage sampling technique was used in selecting 120 processors analyzed. Analytical...
An understanding of fishers' decisions to exit or stay in a fishery is important for developing effective policy measures. In this study, we analyze the factors influencing this decision using a large administrative database covering the entire Swedish fisher population, their family ties, and detailed labour market data spanning two...
We investigate how individual preferences affect noncompliance in fisheries. We use data from a combined web-based experiment and survey of Norwegian fishermen to empirically analyze this. In the economic experiment, the participants won real money in a set of lotteries based on their answers and lottery outcomes. Based on the...
Bermeo is a small town in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, cradle of a purse seiner of undisputed global relevance. Since the time of the Romans, it was recognized for its port, which led it to be one of the first three villages that were founded in the former...
Global Trends: Foreign and transnational ownership (& ownership interests), Complex structures: vertical integration, flags of convenience, joint ventures, etc., Concentration: a handful of corporations controlling global fisheries (Österblom et al. 2015,Carmine et al. 2020). Why Regulate?: Risk of monopolies and market failure, Governance of corporations (i.e., compliance, enforcement), Who captures...
Global Trends: Foreign and transnational ownership (& ownership interests), Complex structures: vertical integration, flags of convenience, joint ventures, etc., Concentration: a handful of corporations controlling global fisheries (Österblom et al. 2015,Carmine et al. 2020). Why Regulate?: Risk of monopolies and market failure, Governance of corporations (i.e., compliance, enforcement), Who captures...
This document provides an overview of a presentation held during the Industry and Policy Day at the IIFET 2016 Scotland conference in July 2016. The presentation was part of Session A3: Reformed CFP - Implications for Routes to Market. The session was chaired by Marcus Coleman, and the presentation was...
The spatio-temporal overlap of morphologically undistinguishable weak and healthy stocks is a major concern for the Pacific Northwest troll Chinook salmon fishery. Regular fishery closures have led to major financial losses calling for alternative regulatory measures. One approach for such complex and pressing socio-ecological challenges is the transition towards transdisciplinary...
The paper presents a vessel level simulation model of the impact of a landing obligation on a typical Scottish demersal trawler under a discard ban in addition to existing quota management controls. The simulation model is based on a simple microeconomic model of firm behaviour and predicts landings, discards and...
The value of commercial fisheries is expressed in a variety of ways in marine policy development, implementation and in individual marine proposals and consent decisions. This presentation provides a fishing industry perspective on the experiences of the delivery of Marine Protected Area and marine planning policy and licensing in the...
The Spanish market for salted cod has undergone important transformations in recent decades. The collapse of the Newfoundland fishery dramatically reduced local processors’ access to the raw material, which previously was mainly supplied by Spanish vessels. The price of salted cod increased and processors margins decreased. By using price integration...
The value chain for the sea cucumber fishing industry in Sri Lanka was analyzed using the data collected by interviewing the main actors of the chain from February to December 2014. Divers, buyers, processors and exporters are the main actors in the value chain. Divers are the key upstream players...
Lake Nasser extends for more than 300 km inside Egypt`s border and has an extensive shoreline of around 7000 km. It is an important source of fish for residents of Aswan and adjacent governorates in Upper Egypt, representing 55% of the total production from inland lakes in Egypt in 2013....
Policy makers must ensure that regulatory frameworks contribute to the maintenance of resilient marine ecosystems. Recreational fishers add additional pressure on worldwide fish stocks to that exerted by commercial fishing, especially in coastal areas. Fishing tourism have an increasingly stronger presence in areas with growing numbers of permanent residents. Marine...
There is no doubt that policy makers must ensure that the different regulation frameworks contribute to the maintenance of resilient ecosystems that sustain healthy resources for commercial fishers, contributing to the economies that depend on their activity and supply markets with healthy products. However, marine recreational fishing also contributes significantly...
Japanese foods such as sushi and sashimi are in boom in US markets, and the US import of the Japanese fish is expected to increase. However, the growth rate has not been so rapid as the import of agricultural products such as green tea and soybean paste. At the same...
Over the past several years we have been developing Fishery Performance Indicators (FPIs) to measure the degree of success fisheries systems have in achieving environmental, economic and community outcomes. We have also developed indicators of key input factors. Among the input factors we have explicitly developed indicators for women’s participation and leadership...
The contribution of aquaculture and/or fisheries to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) directly or indirectly are essential indicators for policymakers to assess the sector's economic performance and make informed policies or decisions that can affect the level of political and financial support to the sector, and hence, its development pace. Despite...
In June 2015, the UN General Assembly mandated the negotiation of a legally binding instrument on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ). The proposed ABNJ Implementation Agreement (ABNJ IA) will have implications for the conduct and regulation of high seas fisheries and...
Farmed fish products in Europe are mainly addressed to the market of live and fresh whole fishes. Only for the trout sector, due to their vertical integration, is it common to process/transform the fish, offering a wider range of products to final consumers. One key factor that makes the supply...
Brazilian aquaculture is undergoing major transformations which have been changing the whole structure of this sector. Except for the shrimp farming industry - which for years already has a high technology production structure - the majority of the Brazilian aquaculture had been characterized for small producers and low level of...
The introduction of private property rights in common pool resource systems is not occurring at random, but depends on various factors, including the state of the resource itself. This inherent endogeneity problem of policy implementation makes it difficult to make any causal inference between the regulatory regime and the state...
Given the complex and often opaque nature of seafood supply chains, port cities can serve as checkpoints within supply chains to address illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) seafood commodities. Harmonized systems (HS) codes are used at port cities by customs officials to monitor commerce. Concern about IUU activity in capture...
Fisheries and agriculture form the backbone of the Solomon Islands economy. The population is around half a million people, of whom 94 percent live within five kilometers of the coast. Women are key to effective fisheries management and development in Solomon Islands. They make up half of the community for...
This paper presents key lessons from development of a transboundary fisheries co-management (TFC) on Lake Chiuta, shared between Malawi and Mozambique. Since the mid-1990s when fisheries co-management was introduced on the Malawian side of the lake, there had been conflicts between fishing communities from both countries. The conflicts mainly centred...
The hilsa shad (Tenualosa ilisha) fishery is the largest single species fishery of Bangladesh managed under open access system was chosen for the study. The purpose of the study was to develop optimal policy to assess the optimal exploitation of the fishery. The objective was to maximize the net benefit...
Women's contributions to fisheries are often overlooked in fisheries management, economic analyses, and consequently, in policy decisions. Fortunately, women's contributions are gaining recognition despite a lack of quantitative data describing the scope and scale of their participation in the sector. While there are numerous studies describing the role of women...
Tuna and other highly migratory and trans-boundary fish species form an important seasonal component of the annual catch taken by thousands of small-scale inshore and coastal fishers in the Bay of Bengal region of the Indian Ocean. However, there are serious concerns about the productivity and sustainability of the fisheries...
Introduction:
SSFs → Own characteristics that often affect prices. First‐sale prices are key for the sustainability of SSF,often price‐acceptors → influence of supra‐local factors (exports, imports, value‐chain forces) and industrial fisheries. Certain local/regional SSF management measures also aim to have effects on this price: fisheries regulation, commercial strategies, labelling, etc....
First-sale prices of fish respond to both local and global drivers, and artisanal fishermen are often considered as price-acceptors due to their limited capacity to influence them, a key issue for their survival and value added creation. However, in artisanal fisheries, the frequent lack of data hinders us from understanding...
İstanbul Bosphorus is a strategic fishing area with its physico-chemical and geographical characteristics. Also because of İstanbul metropole is taking part there, İstanbul aquatic Products fish market has become an important position in the region. The high variety of species and product entrance quantity rates provided us a continuous data...
Regulating fishing trough overall catch limits, sometimes referred to as olympic fishing, has been heavily criticized by fisheries economists for its unhealthy incentives for overcapacity, excessive costs, quantity focus and uneven supply patterns. In spite of this the Icelandic government opened an olympic style coastal fishery for small scale vessels...
Petatán is a fishing village bordering Lake Chapala, the largest lake in Mexico. Most fish caught in the lake and in other water bodies in the region are processed here. Petatán houses the second largest fish processing industry in the region. The fish filleted here goes to the second largest...
Many recreational fisheries are managed under regulated open access governed by seasonal closures and bag limits. This approach has often promoted a “race to the fish” with cascades of shorter seasons and shrinking bag limits. These restrictions may have significant effects on angler welfare by inefficiently allocating fish across anglers,...
Fisheries managers are increasingly expected to manage fisheries in an “ecosystem-based” manner – accounting for ecological interdependencies across species and their coupling with the physical environment. Yet managers lack rigorous, bioeconomic EBM indicators to assess tradeoffs and measure whether the natural capital in exploited ecosystems is sustainably managed. We build...
The vulnerability approach is an analytical framework used to assess the impacts caused by changes in socio-ecosystems that are often linked to large external natural events. The vulnerability approach is mobilized by the sciences that deal with the management of environmental risks with the aim to determine the conditions allowing...
Using stock assessments to inform management and decision makers about the impacts of fishing is increasing worldwide. Stock assessments are costly to conduct well, and there is often a data management lag in terms of when data used to inform stock assessment predictions are available for inclusion in the model....
This document provides an overview of a presentation held during the Industry and Policy Day at the IIFET 2016 Scotland conference in July 2016. The presentation was part of Session B2: Implementing the Landing Obligation in the Reformed CFP - Practical Challenges and Effects on Fishing Businesses - 2016 Story...
The world’s fisheries are widely considered to be in ecological crisis. One governance solution is private standards, including ecolabelling. The conventional logic is that ecolabels meet consumer demand for ‘sustainable’ seafood, with good players rewarded with price premiums or market share and bad players punished by reduced sales. Empirically, however,...
The parrotfish and lobster fisheries play important ecological functions. Besides the ecological functions, the fisheries are important market assets exploited for food and income and cater for different markets. Because of the differences in the value of the two fisheries, competitive strategies employed by fishers and traders and the implications...
After half a century of fisheries development focused on large-scale fisheries the policy arena is finally becoming more conductive to sustaining small-scale fisheries (SSF) in economically developing countries, with a particular focus on international trade opportunities. Debates for and against increased integration of SSF into globalized trade have been presented,...
In the past two decades resource economists have made great headway in understanding spatial-dynamic processes in resource exploitation and management. However, despite this progress, there remain large gaps in understanding the spatialdynamics of recreational resources. Here we first develop a general bioeconomic model of a renewable recreational resource use, under...
This document provides an overview of a presentation held during the Industry and Policy Day at the IIFET 2016 Scotland conference in July 2016. The presentation was part of Session A2: Market Implications and Possible Solutions: Certification, Ethics and Social Responsibility. The session was chaired by Maarten Mens, and the...
This paper identifies the effect of Mauritian regulation changes on EU industrial vessels’ fishing activities and their implications for food security. The rich resources of Mauritanian waters have historically been utilized by large foreign trawlers, creating small ripple effects and jobs in Mauritania. However, in 2012, Mauritanian authorities introduced new...
The paper examines the competitive situation between different fleet sectors and their expected development in Senegal and Cape Verde. Recent statistics point towards overfishing, but the situation is not the same for all: Eg. there is a steady decline of Cape Verde artisanal catches, as opposed to a rise in...
The paper will focus on the Northern Adriatic Smoot clams (Callista chione) fishery, called in Italy "fasolari". The Italian production of "fasolari" takes place mainly in Friuli and Veneto regions, located in the Northern Adriatic area. Here the system (based on a co-management approach) is a very good example of...
The fish auction markets have proven important in the development of the Icelandic fish industry from the time of their establishment in Iceland in 1987, evening out short run catch variations, allowing for specialization and contributing to increased value creation in the value chain for fish and fish products. This...
Nigeria with an annual potential of 2.5 million tonnes of fish from aquaculture produced only 316,727 tonnes in 2015 out of the domestic production of 1.027 million tonnes and total fish demand of 3.25 million tonnes. The government has put in place a lot of initiatives to increase aquaculture production...
Nigeria with an annual potential of 2.5 million tonnes of fish from aquaculture produced only 316,727 tonnes in 2015 out of the domestic production of 1.027 million tonnes and total fish demand of 3.25 million tonnes. The government has put in place a lot of initiatives to increase aquaculture production...
This paper traces the rise and fall of, in its day, one of the most important fisheries in the world. The fishery exhibits the impact of changes in demand and supply brought about by technological advance in three noticeable shocks. Fishing is said to have commenced in 495AD. So prolific...
As the Scottish enlightenment has taught us, it is vitally important to think for ourselves rather than believing what we are told. Here, we question the basic principles of fisheries managements. We ask if the hypothesis of capacity maximization - a race to boats - could be considered instead of...
We apply the Fishery Performance Indicators (FPIs) methodology to the Southeast Pacific Anchoveta Fishery off southern Peru and northern Chile. Our basic model of analysis is a production function framework, where the performance outcomes are a result of the available inputs. We measured all FPI categories (outcomes and input metrics)...
In a non-cooperative fishing game of two players, one single player must be sufficiently dominant in order to have an incentive to conserve the stock. Maximum growth rate of fish stocks could often be too low in order to provide a conservation incentive for a dominant player. The fish catch...
Pole-and-line and hand-line tuna fisheries, hereafter referred to as one-by-one fisheries are believed to provide large social benefits to fishing communities. Unlike industrial high seas fishing, large numbers of fishing vessels are involved - engaging many people from coastal communities. In the unique case of the Maldives, where fishing communities...
This document provides an overview of a presentation held during the Industry and Policy Day at the IIFET 2016 Scotland conference in July 2016. The presentation was part of Session B2: Implementing the Landing Obligation in the Reformed CFP - Practical Challenges and Effects on Fishing Businesses - 2016 Story...
This document provides an overview of a presentation held during the Industry and Policy Day at the IIFET 2016 Scotland conference in July 2016. The presentation was part of Session B2: Implementing the Landing Obligation in the Reformed CFP - Practical Challenges and Effects on Fishing Businesses - 2016 Story...
A major revision of the CFP for the period 2013-2022 was the introduction of a landing obligation (LO) of all fish caught. Contrary to f. ex. Norway, Iceland and the Faroe Islands the EU has conducted a regime where it was forbidden to keep fish below a certain size on...
In late 18th century Britain, Adam Smith was the most influential thinker and writer to offer policy advice on fishery subsidies. In The Wealth of Nations, Smith scoffed at the so-called white herring bounties. He used data from 1771-1781 to argue that the bounties had raised the price of locally-caught...
This presentation provides an overview of a Special Session presentation held at the IIFET 2016 Scotland conference in July 2016. The registration number and title of the special session were 5334: Improving Food Security and Reducing Poverty through Intra-regional Fish Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa. The session was organized and chaired...
Diversification of fishery revenue can reduce interannual variation in revenue and thereby lower financial risk (e.g., Kasperski and Holland, 2013; Cline, Schindler, and Hilborn, 2017; Sethi, Reimer and Knapp 2014; Anderson, Ward and Shelton 2017), Average fishery diversification levels on the US West Coast have been declining over time –...
Excess and over capacity are key management issues in global fisheries. These issues have also received widespread attention in the literature. Previous work on firm-level investment behavior in fisheries, both theoretical and empirical, typically assumes risk neutral and profit maximizing agents. While this work has led to a much better...
Many fishermen diversify their income by fishing in more than one fishery which can significantly reduce year-to-year variation in income. However, opportunities to diversify have become more limited as access to fisheries has become more restricted. The implementation of catch share systems could further reduce diversification if those who remain...
During the past three decades considerable changes have taken place within the Icelandic pelagic industry which, previously considered rather fragmented, is now a highly concentrated vertically integrated industry due to considerable consolidations of quotas. During this period, changes in the ecosystem around Iceland have also brought valuable pelagic species such...
There are only three fundamental sources for increasing seafood supply: 1) better management and utilization of wild fish stocks, 2) aquaculture and 3) aquaculture-enhanced ‘wild’ fisheries. However, nearly all of the significant growth in global seafood harvest and international trade over the past three decades has, and in the future...
Over a billion people on our planet suffer from a lack of food and another two billion have nutritional deficiencies. By 2050, global food production will need to increase by between 70 and 100 percent to feed a growing global population. Small-scale fisheries play a critical role in food security...
Fishermen regularly argue that processors should pay them more; processors argue they can't afford to pay more. Fisherman are often skeptical of processors' arguments about what processors can afford to pay, and whether ex-vessel prices are "fair." Fishermen often argue that a significant drop in the "fishermen's share" of the...
This presentation provides an overview of a keynote presentation given during a plenary session of the Industry and Policy Day held at the IIFET 2016 Scotland conference in July 2016. The session was chaired by Hazel Curtis and the presentation was given by Ernesto Penas Lado.
This study uses cross-sectional data collected from 320 fish farmers across four fish farming regions (Greater Accra, Volta, Ashanti and Western) in Ghana to evaluate the impact of Fish Farmers' Associations on their technical efficiency levels and yield. We considered the stochastic frontier technique to analyse the technical efficiency levels...
Economic impact assessment methodology was applied to UK fisheries data to better understand the implications of European Commission proposals for fishing for deep-sea stocks in the North-East Atlantic under the CFP. The aim was to assist the UK fishing industry and Government in evaluating the most effective options to manage...
Spatial closures are a prominent tool for ecosystem-based management in commercial fisheries. The potential benefits of spatial closures in commercial fisheries have been discussed thoroughly in the literature; however, empirical estimates of the potential short-run costs incurred by the commercial fishing industry are relatively scarce. Spatial closures constrain the ability...
The European Union has set 2021 as the deadline for having a marine spatial plan in place for all its members. Despite the substantial literature analysing the last four decades of MSP implementation worldwide, the quantification of its economic effects remains at early stages. This presentation presents a methodological approach...
Geographers and regional scientists have long recognized that "near things are more related than distant things." Ports located far from each other may compete through use of the same fishing grounds. We describe trends in competition in the Northeast U.S Sea Scallop Fishery using a Czekanowski Index over the past...
Aquaculture has been the world's fastest growing food production technology in recent decades and the effects of its developments are felt in seafood markets worldwide. As a result, fishermen face an additional challenge that has the potential to impact their choice of whether to reduce participation, what species to target,...
In 2014, developing countries were responsible for 56.5% of total value of seafood imported by the EU; however, their import value only grew 56% relative to 1999. During the same period, China, gained over 300% growth in this market. The EU’s General System of Preferences (GSP) scheme provides duty-free or...
This paper measures the impact that the sanitary treatments aiming to reduce the abundance of sea lice Caligus rogercresseyi have on the unit production costs of Atlantic salmon fattening centers in Southern Chile. We make use of unique data that allows us to follow complete production cycles for a sample...
The declining price anomaly for sequential sales of identical commodities challenges auction theory which predicts constant prices within a day. Among hypotheses explaining the phenomenon stands the dual value of goods including a risk premium in early transactions. We consider that asymmetric bidder groups and shortage periods may also affect...
The concept of shared value has been defined by Porter and Cramer as those policies and operating practices that enhance the competitiveness of a company while simultaneously advancing the economic and social conditions in the communities in which it operates. This concept guides a coordinated process of stakeholders' engagement to...
Beam trawling on brown shrimp (Crangon crangon) is one of the most important fisheries for the German fleet. It is an open fishery without a defined quota. Indicators such as increased by-catch, a predominance of undersized shrimp in catches, and a high fishing mortality all suggest that improved gear selectivity...
Information on the total costs associated with various types of commercial fishing businesses is vital to evaluating the economic impact of fisheries regulations and management. However, obtaining reliable cost information can present a challenge. While NOAA’s Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC) does collect variable (trip related) costs of fishing on...
Research on small-scale fisheries has largely focused on men’s fishing practices and perceptions and considerably discounted the important contributions by women to household food security and economies (Harper et al. 2013). Studies in most West African countries confirm that post- harvest activities is gendered in nature and revolves around traditional...
The Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) fishery is one of the most valuable single species fishery in Oregon, with an average annual ex-vessel value of $45 million from 2004-2014. The fishery is managed using a "3-S" (minimum retention size, male retention only, season length) management paradigm. In addition, fleet capacity has...
The Alaska non-pollock multi-species catcher processor trawl fishery, referred to as the Amendment 80 fishery since 2008, is an endlessly fascinating subject from the perspective of an economist. A diverse group of companies and vessels, emphasizing different species mixes from a multi-species ecosystem, targets fish across the Eastern Bering Sea,...
This document provides an overview of a presentation held during the Industry and Policy Day at the IIFET 2016 Scotland conference in July 2016. The presentation was part of Session B1: Experiences from Further Afield. The session was chaired by Professor Clara Ulrich, and the presentation was given by Gil...
The fisheries supply chains integrate multiple and heterogeneous agents linked through commercial (buyer/seller) relationships. In a large and competitive trade market, every agent can choose his/her partners, but the functioning of the supply chain depends on the aggregation of every agent's decisions that configures the global network of relationships. In...
In this paper an unregulated, but not open-access, fishery is studied and it is analyzed how more modern fishing technology may be a mixed blessing not only for the fish abundance, but also for the rent. The model is formulated in section two where it is included a strategic interaction...
When climate change alters the distribution of fish stocks, stocks that were previously owned by a single country can suddenly become shared between countries. Current models predict that in such cases, if no agreement on management is formed, stocks may be severely depleted. A similar problem arises when a new...
The H2020 SUCCESS project aims at improving the competitiveness and economic sustainability of the European seafood sector. In accordance with the Call (BG-10-2014), SUCCESS will in particular identify "success stories", defined as innovative or alternative ways of running aquaculture and fisheries businesses. These exemplary cases will be reported during the...
This presentation provides a summary of a Special Session held at the IIFET 2016 Scotland conference in July 2016. The registration number and title of the session were 5207: SUCCESS: Reinforcing the competitiveness of the seafood sector. The session was organized by Bertrand Le Gallic. The presentation includes details of...
This paper considers social wellbeing in the context of three dimensions; material conditions, quality of life, and sustainability dimensions to explore the key factors that affect the wellbeing of fishers in the Western Region of Ghana using 119 respondents. The study first considers descriptive analysis to assess the correlation between...
This study proposes three methods for technical efficiency (TE) estimation using three different fish stock proxy measures while applying the stochastic production frontier (SPF) approach. We apply these methods to two Vietnamese offshore fisheries, gillnet and hand-line, for which measures of stock abundance are unavailable. Based on the assumption of...
Scientific evidence reveals that renewable resource stock dynamics are subject to uncertainty due to changes in environmental conditions. Despite its critical impacts on management, little is known about the effects of such uncertainty on the formation of regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs). In this paper, we design a dynamic stock...
In the absence of formal insurance, fishers often ”self-insure” against financial risk due to environmental and economic factors by adjusting fishing activities over species, space, and time. This diversification can be effective (e.g., Kasperski and Holland, 2013; Cline, Schindler, and Hilborn, 2017; Sethi, Dalton, and Hilborn, 2012; Fuller et al.,...
Species diversification in aquaculture has been driven and influenced by various factors including consumer preference, technical innovations such as advances in artificial propagation, economies of scale, risk diversification, policy orientation, among others. Global aquaculture development in general has been associated with species diversification in terms of both increasing number of...
This document provides a summary of a Special Session held at the IIFET 2016 Scotland conference in July 2016. The registration number and title of the special session were 5329: Sustainability of Fisheries and Aquaculture: the Multidisciplinary Approach as a Key for Success. The session was organized by Elisa Ravagnan....
This document provides a summary of a Special Session held at the IIFET 2016 Scotland conference in July 2016. The registration number and title of the special session were 5300: Measuring and Managing Risk-taking and Safety in Commercial Fishing. The session was organized by Lisa Pfeiffer. The report includes details...
This document provides a summary of a Special Session presentation held at the IIFET 2016 Scotland conference in July 2016. The registration number and title of the session were 5024: Game Theory and Fisheries. The session was organized by Marko Lindroos. The report includes details of the proceedings of the...
Modern fisheries and aquaculture value chains are diverse, often complex and dynamic, with men and women undertaking different and changing roles depending on culture, concerning resource access and control, mobility, type of technology involved, the extent of commercialisation, and the product involved (De Silva, 2011). Female roles in Sri Lankan...
Despite the use of gear requirements and access restrictions to manage lobster fishery interactions with north Atlantic right whales since 1997, the population is likely below 370 animals. The Dynamic Area Management (DAM) program (2002–2009) used “real time” right whale sightings data to provide temporary protection using closures or whale-modified-gear...
Salmon aquaculture is constrained by the proliferation of salmon lice, a natural seawater parasite that benefits from the agglomeration of production. The lice challenge currently costs the Norwegian salmon farming industry above 450 million USD per year (0.5 USD/kilo). Adjacent farms impose a contamination externality on each other, which they...