Site 35JA42 represents the first protohistoric village
complex excavated in Southwest Oregon. Analyses of animal
bones recovered from the site offer the first significant
insights into human subsistence behaviors in this region.
Although the faunal assemblage is extremely fragmented,
detailed zooarchaeological analysis indicates that deer were
the primary meat resource...
Nonpoint source pollution is a widespread problem with no easy solutions. The variable nature of nonpoint
sources and the wide range of best management practices, coupled with a multitude of managerial constraints, make management of nonpoint source pollution a difficult task. Wisconsin's Nonpoint Source Water Pollution Abatement Program overcomes many...
Humboldt County has several areas which have naturally
high to extreme wildland fire hazards. Recent settlement within
these areas increases the likelihood of a destructive fire. This
report examines the extent and degree to which climate, slope and
vegetation influence the wildland fire hazard in Humboldt County,
as well as...
Voter preference on the issue of comprehensive land use
planning in Oregon was analyzed through various population
characteristics in order to determine the factors
contributing to public preference in this issue and how they
were distributed spatially. Two statistical models were
developed to analyze the correlations between voting outcome
in...
The North Unit irrigation District of Central Oregon,
a water project developed under the guidelines of the
Bureau of Reclamation, is characterized by limited water
and the need for efficient utilization and control of the
irrigation system. To manage the limited water resource,
irrigators need a timely and economical method...
Composition and structure of Oregon ash
(Fraxinus latifolia) woodlands in the William L. Finley
National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon are described. Twenty
stands dominated by Fraxinus latifolia were sampled with
500 m2 circular macroplots in which floristic microplot
data were collected for plant community synthesis. Plant
communities were identified by computer-assisted...
Vegetation ecology of eight Oregon freshwater wetlands was
described and net aerial primary productivity estimated in four
wetlands. Plant cover samples were used to classify 37 wetland and
11 terrestrial communities by agglomerative hierarchical clustering.
Samples and species were ordinated. Direct measurements were made
of sample relative elevation, inundation duration,...
The nature and extent of niparian vegetation change from 1972 to
1981 in the Willamette River Greenway in Benton and Linn Counties,
Oregon was quantitatively investigated. The study was primarily by
aerial imagery analysis and associated field verification. A classification
of vegetation and land cover within the study area was...
Based in part on previous work by this researcher, variables assumed to play a minor part in the process/ response system examined by the OSU Alsea Bay Hazard Study Team (1985-87)--river input and subsequent variations in hydrology--were more completely analyzed for their range of effects on the stability of Alsea...
A growing realization that wetlands are potentially
valuable resources has recently stimulated efforts towards
their protection. While a foundation for wetland management
exists, decision makers still lack adequate tools for addressing
issues of wetland preservation vs. development.
Wetland preservation values are often neglected in traditional
market analyses and in the...
Power planning efforts in Oregon require accurate information
about hydroelectric potential. Potential uses for Geographic Information
Systems (GISs) are being investigated by three Oregon planning agencies.
This paper presents a method in which a 616 is used to help identify and
reduce uncertainty in previous hydroelectric inventories. Uncertainty with
respect...
In their search for viable economic development opportunities,
many American Indian tribes have focused their
attention toward tourism development on their reservation
lands. In many cases, the greatest potential for economic
development and attracting income to the reservations lies
in tourist trade. Although tourism may not be a tribe's
primary...
Native Americans in southwest Oregon are a heterogenous
group comprising one-quarter of the state's total Indian
population. Despite their notable size, Native Americans in
this six county area are either ineligible for, or inaccessible
to, federally sponsored Indian health facilities available
to Native peoples elsewhere. Research was conducted
over an...
In 1968, Congress passed the Wild and Scenic River Act
creating a system of rivers protected from dams and other
development. By 1987, segments of four Oregon rivers were
protected by the Wild and Scenic River System: the Rogue,
Illinois, Owyhee, and a portion of the Snake along the
Idaho...
Annual flood damages continue to rise in the United
States in spite of massive investments in flood control structures
since 1936. These increased losses can be attributed, in part,
to the inherent Limitations in scope and nature of traditional
"structural" approaches to flood control. Acquisition of flood
plain lands is...
Remote sensing is an attractive method for the
detection and monitoring of crop stress. The feasibility of
using remote sensing for the detection and monitoring of
fungal diseases, insects, weeds, and non-infectious
diseases affecting the cultivated cranberry (Vaccinium
macrocarpon Ait.) is evaluated. A study on the fungal
disease twig blight...
Data on motor carrier commodity weights collected in 1976
at Oregon weigh stations by the Public Utilities Commission and the
Department of Transportation are not in a form that readily allows
for commodity flow analysis. A methodology is presented that reduces
existing forest product commodity data into a graphically displayed...
Archaeological research in the lower Rogue River Basin between Galice Creek on the middle Rogue River and Gold Beach at the mouth of the Rogue has been minimal. Tlegetlinten (35CU59), a site located at the confluence of the Rogue and Illinois rivers is one of only three sites that have...
The rise of water level in Malheur Lake in Southeastern
Oregon has become a major issue of concern in Harney County,
where the lake is located, and on a state-wide level. The
concern is due to the extensive damage caused by flood water
to agricultural land, highways and roads, a...
The semantic differential technique was used to
quantify four interest groups' perceptions of twenty-six
Alaskan scenes. The scenes represented both panoramic views
and views of Mount McKinley from different sites in southcentral
Alaska. The perceptions were measured on six semantic
scales ("ugly-beautiful", "dislike-like", "unpleasantpleasant",
"unstimulating-stimulating", "level-mountainous",
and 'monotonous-varied"), and the...
In this paper "map complexity" refers to the inherent
intricacy of a mapped geographic pattern. Map complexity and sample
size are two variables shown to influence the accuracy of
interpolated dasymetric maps.
An automated experiment was designed to investigate the
precise relationship among map complexity, sample size, and the
accuracy...
The effect of increasing numbers of non-commercial
farms, or hobby farms, on commercial agriculture is examined
through a comparison of Census of Agriculture data for the years
1978 and 1982. During this time, State Land Use Goal #3,
mandating the protection of farmland, was firmly in place and
exclusive farm...
A log step develops when large woody debris extends across the active
channel, creating a change in the water surface elevation as the stream
spills over the log step. By forming a series of vertical falls, log
steps reduce the amount of potential energy available for conversion to
kinetic energy...
Gathering and burning firewood in heavily used subalpine areas contributes to campsite deterioration. Forest Service policy directs wilderness managers to implement the principle of nondegradation. As a result, campfires may be prohibited in areas where fire-related impacts
are significant.
The Lakes Basin and Ice Lake Travel Zones in the Eagle...
Urban primacy, or gigantism of the principal metropolis is
the most striking characteristic of the process of urbanization in most
South American countries. It is commonly assumed that the degree, and
evolution of primacy has been similar in all these countries since their
cultural, social, and economic backgrounds have been...
A study of the effects of public use airport designation vs private use airport
designation of Langmack Field in Sweet Home, Oregon was conducted. Langmack Field is a
small utility airport located in the middle of a residentially zoned area. The effects
of designation on the following groups were analyzed:...
This study investigated the private costs to individual households
of large-lot zoning policies. The study asked whether typical
zoning ordinances create shortages of small lots or small structures
and, if so, what the magnitude of the resultant welfare loss is.
The hypotheses were suggested by a theoretical model developed
to...
Oregon's Special Farm Use Assessment program is investigated
in this paper for its effectiveness in preserving farmland from urban
sprawl. Basic research for this study was conducted in Jefferson
County, a rural central Oregon county. Data from a similar study conducted
in Washington County, an urbanizing northern Willamette Valley
county,...
Altitudinal variations in upland regions of the earth create
variable climatic zones and conditions. Plant and animal
communities must adapt to these conditions, and when they reach
their tolerance limits for environmental conditions at the upper
levels of a zone, they cease to exist in the environment. Humans
also utilize...
Oregon's land use planning program to preserve
the agricultural land base and to maintain the agricultural
economy is dependent on detailed information concerning the
structure of commercial agricultural enterprises. This
information is presently incomplete and it was the purpose of
this research to test a systematic technique for collecting it....
The purpose of this paper is to define terrain analysis, as it relates to
military applications; to review the historical development of the central ideas
of terrain analysis, which has led to the development of three computer
programs that are designed to make terrain analysis an automated process
rather than...
The purpose of this study is to review the historical development of the central ideas of
military geography and terrain analysis and to examine these new research initiatives from that
perspective. Although the mobility and technological aspects of warfare have changed rapidly,
the essential geographic nature of warfare has remained...
Four aspects of the ecology of members of the Monotropoideae (achiorophyllous
Ericaceae, referred to here as "monotropes") are presented: (1) a clarified conceptualization
of monotrope nutrition based on a detailed literature review, (2) the relationship of
monotrope populations to the plant communities of Limpy Rock RNA, (3) a test of...
The U.S. Geological Survey is proposing to redesign
its site-specific water-use data base into a topologic
site-specific water-use data base that depicts water use as
an integral part of the hydrologic cycle. The new data base
is to be compatible with the theory of geographic information
systems. By placing water...
The Los Alamos Solar Design Methodology is used to predict the performance of
three hypothetical solar homes situated in the Willamette Valley. The three
homes all used a sunspace for supplemental heating and differed only in their
level of heat loss. Results obtained indicate that a sunspace can contribute up...
Irrigated crop production is a stabilizing element in the
agricultural economy of Southeast Ford County, Kansas. The important role
irrigation plays in the local economy creates a need to carefully consider
the potential impact of aquifer depletion. An examination of the spatial
and temporal characteristics of aquifer depletion in relation...
While many small towns today find themselves struggling in
the face of economic stagnation or decline, others must deal with
rapid growth and the threat it poses to their valued quality of life.
The small central Oregon town of Sisters offers an example of a town
whose previously declining economy...
The Lawrence Memorial Grassland Preserve, located in
Wasco County, Oregon, exhibits a wide variety of soil mounds and
patterned ground features. The size, shape, and distribution of
several elements of this peculiar landscape were analyzed with a
detailed map, field observations, and statistical procedures.
Common soil mound shapes are circular,...
Soil erosion is a natural physical process. However
it can become a detrimental force when factors such as
infertile soils, steep topography and poor farming
practices are combined. An important initial aspect of
resource planning and/or soil conservation involves
locating areas where such potentially hazardous
combinations occur in the field....
The siting of a new industrial plant generally results
from the favorable match of the needs of an industrial
firm arid the assets of a community. Citizens of
Oregon have taken a very active role in planning and decision
making at the local level due to legislation in
the past...
The rangelands of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation
represent a major resource within a definitive
geographic area. The utilization of this resource is affected
by a number of factors, some of which are examined
here. The cultural evolution of the Warm Springs people
has resulted in the horse maintaining a...
Riparian vegetation patterns within the blast,
downstream of blast, and airfall tephra zones of Mount
St. Helens are related to initial and secondary volcanic
disturbance, post-eruption fluvial landforms, channel
geometry, and streamflow characteristics. Vegetation
patterns were determined from species presence observed on
transects across landforms developed along the streams.
Distinct...
Elk River is a sixth order stream, draining a 200 square
kilometer basin in the Klainath Mountain province of
southwestern Oregon. Timber harvesting began in the basin
during the 1950's, with peak removal of wood occurring in the
mid to late 1960's. This activity lead to an increase in the...
The ski areas of Oregon and Washington are similar in
many [respects], especially in that they are predominately local day
areas and are located on United States Forest Service lands. The
demand for more ski facilities is apparent yet the number of new
areas opening has decreased over the years....
Rationing float use on many of the nation's whitewater rivers is
a significant issue in recreation management. Alleged inequities in
the rationing policies used in Hells Canyon National Recreation Area
prompted an evaluation of procedures for allocating private and
commercial float use on the Hells Canyon portion of the Snake...
In 1979, the Geographic Applications Laboratory
of the Department of Geography, Oregon State University,
was retained by the Portland General Electric Company to
form and supervise a program to monitor the bioenvironment
in the vicinity of the Boardman Coal-Fired Power plant. This
partially fulfills requirements of the Department of Energy...
The relationships between spectral reflectance in the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) bands and grass canopy variables were evaluated using in situ remote sensing techniques. Reflectance data were collected from experimental plots of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) using a Barnes Modular Multiband Radiometer (MMR). The canopy...
The performance of pull factors for total retail sales in Oregon's
nonmetropolitan counties during the economic cycle of boom, bust, and recovery
of the early 1980s is examined for geographic patterns. One regional pattern and
several county patterns are identified and discussed. Counties having the highest
and lowest pull factors,...
While many geographers believe that the regional
concept is central to geographic study, no definitive regional
scheme exists. The criteria considered in each regional study
will relate to a stated objective or study. Ecological
regionalization is a major contribution by geographers to
environmental studies. By examining spatial patterns of factors...
Human settlement patterns are the ways in which people locate themselves over the terrain in their area of occupation. Settlement pattern prediction attempts to define and understand the factors in culture, technology, and environment that shape the spatial distribution of habitation sites for a given group of people. A systematic...
Rapid increases in the recreational use of
the Lower Deschutes River Canyon threaten the quality
and diversity of downriver recreational experiences.
The concept of recreation experience management is
discussed and recreation experience management zones
for whitewater boating are delineated and described.
Nonpoint sources of pollution are being recognized
nationwide as a significant threat to groundwater quality.
In Oregon, groundwater supplies in several areas have been
affected by contamination possibly caused by nonpoint
sources associated with agricultural activities, on-site
sewage disposal, and inadequate hazardous materials
management in urban areas. State groundwater protection...
Existing land use controls have not effectively achieved
the goals of resource protection and preservation. Prime agricultural
and potential open space lands are rapidly being diminished by
ever increasing pressures of development. The transfer of development
rights presents an opportunity to safeguard these vital lands.
The Boulder Valley would benefit...
The loss of important agricultural land is
presently a highly significant resource problem. Urbanization
processes, such as subdivision development in
urban fringe areas, is a primary factor in converting
agricultural land to urban land. The State of Oregon has
addressed this issue by requiring all cities and urban
counties to...
The Bureau of Land Management's Lakeview District is
currently under pressure to allow 16,000 acres located throughout the
Christmas Lake Administrative Unit to be appropriated through the
Desert Land Entries Act of 1877. These appropriations are being
filed for by persons wishing to consolidate small public and private
land tracts...
Since the early 1960's, 44 states have passed legislation
that offers preferential property tax assessments to farmers. By most
accounts, these programs are intended to preserve farmland. Yet,
writers on the subject have argued that the preferential assessment
simply does not work to prevent the sales of agricultural land. In...
In 1976, cultural resource technicians for the Rogue River National Forest located a prehistoric archaeological site, 35JA85, while performing a survey for the proposed J. Herbert Stone Nursery. The site, situated next to Jackson Creek in the Bear Creek Valley southwestern Oregon, is approximately three miles northwest of Medford, and...
American railroads have faced a declining share of freight
traffic relative to other modes. Although a variety of reasons have been
identified for this decline, most experts agree that a contributing problem
is that the rail system is overdeveloped with unprofitable branchlines.
Many economic models have been utilized to analyze...
For many years, psychologists have studied
the principles of psychophysics. Recently, cartographers
have been considering psychophysical theory in
color attribute analysis to aid in the design of maps.
An experiment was conducted using the partitioning
method by which the Munsell value scale was determined
to find (R,G,B) coordinates giving equally...
Oregon's minimum stream flow program is intended to protect
certain instream flow values by maintaining sufficient stream
flows to support aquatic life and to minimize pollution. The
increasing demand for consumptive uses of water, as well as certain
deficiencies in the laws, policies, and administration of the program,
bring into...
Oregon's twenty-two smaller port districts have the means to
undertake a variety of community development goals. The activities of
these public bodies extend beyond facilitating maritime commerce and
harbor improvement. A primary responsibility, exemplified by a brief
look at the evolution and contemporary authority of ports in Oregon, is
to...
The dramatic upsurge of contract-supported archaeological activity,
generated by legislative action, has precipitated an increase
in information about Oregon's prehistoric peoples. This information,
however, has not been presented in a format which can be easily
understood by the general public.
This study presents an account of early peoples in Oregon,...
Oregon's critical ground water area program was designed to protect
the integrity of ground water supplies under conditions of sustainable
yield. In areas where the demand for water exceeds the rate of natural
recharge, wells experience declining water levels. If allowed to
continue, this could eventually lead to severe social...
This project explored one set of tools and procedures that
appeared to have the potential to make the handling of the spatial
data necessary for resource management more efficient and
effective. This project used data from the Nature Conservancy's
Lawrence Memorial Grassland Preserve and was designed to explore
a low...
The purpose of this paper is to review and assess the
management issues and policies associated with NIPF. The
characteristics and landowner objectives of nonindustrial
private forests in western Oregon will be reviewed. The conventional view of the NIPF "problem" will be examined and an alternative view will be discussed....
Upon enactment of the National Environmental Policy
Act in 1970, a new era in environmental concern within the
federal government began. As the processes and procedures of
compliance with the act became refined through experience and
regulation, the intent of the legislation has increasingly
become integrated into decision making within...
Variability of plant species distributions, plant connunities,
soil and hydrological factors in an area of the Netarts Spit tidal
marsh are examined. The purpose is to advance general understanding
of Oregon's tidal marsh ecosystems in terms of plant coninunities and
functio'nal habitat conditions and make a contribution to the conceptual...
Hart Mountain is a basaltic fault block mountain
in the semi-desert region of the northern Basin and Range
province in south-central Oregon. Geomorphic processes
associated with lingering snowpatches have formed nivation
hollows, which are small scale depressions in the hillsides.
The lingering snow in the hollows prohibits shrub
growth. Bedrock...
Since 1984, the city of Cannon Beach has used a 7 ha, two-cell red
alder/twinberry/slough sedge palustrine wetland to treat chlorinated
effluent from a four-cell aerated/facultative lagoon system. For
three years effluent has met summer wastewater discharge limitations
(10 mg/L BOD5 and 10 mg/L TSS). Field research in 1986 concerned...
This research paper focuses upon subsurface flow because of
its dominant influence on the other types of hilislope water flow
processes. The basic theory of water movement is quickly discussed in
order to build the reader's general background knowledge. With this
background, the journey starts into the poorly understood realm...
Oregon land use specialists believe that the present
definitions of farm and forest land in the state planning
goals are too broad. This results in poor quality resource
lands being as strongly protected as those of top quality.
With persistent growth pressure on rural lands, a means to
distinguish among...
Archaeologists use diversity as one way of
characterizing their assemblages. Diversity refers to both
the number of artifact classes present (richness) and the
proportional representation of classes (evenness).
Numerical diversity indices measure one or both components.
Archaeologists use assemblage diversity to infer behavior
of prehistoric cultures.
Archaeological inferences about behavior...
Attempts to map the distribution of acidic
deposition have been inadequate, particularly in areas of
seasonal or limited rainfall. Ambient air concentrations
of acid precursors may be used to monitor and map the
distribution of potential acidic deposition. A network of
stations in California currently monitor these ambient air
concentrations....
Soils of Santa Cruz Island, California were mapped
at the subgroup taxonomic level using a Geographic Information
System (GIS) and field survey. Lithologic substrate,
vegetative cover, slope gradient and slope aspect comprised
the GIS data layers; these correspond to the soil-forming
factors that were hypothesized to exert the greatest influence...
The purpose of this paper is to provide resource managers with a compilation of background information useful in the development of guidelines and/or management strategies designed to minimize the disruptive impacts of petroleum exploration and development on wildlife in wilderness environments. The paper is a review of literature, and describes:...
Water quality problems in the U.S. are a result of pollution form both point and nonpoint sources. While point source pollution can largely be controlled through waste water treatment, the pollution from nonpoint sources is more difficult to manage. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 established legislation,...
Cultural resource inventories have identified,205 individual sites
on public land along the Lower Salmon River, Idaho. These sites
represent a rich and diverse record of the human occupation and
utilization of the river canyon during the past 10,000 years. Each
of these 205 sites contains its own unique record of...
Landslide processes occurring on a hillslope in McDonald-Dunn
Forest on the eastern slope of the Oregon Coastal Range are
described in terms of type, magnitude. minimum age and site
characteristics. Debris flows and debris avalanches are the
dominant types of slope movement occurring in the study area.
Landslide events classified...
Rapid, shallow soil mass movements (landslides) are examined for a 6,000 ha managed forest area in the Oregon Western Cascades. Analysis of landslide occurrence considers the physical characteristics and frequency, the influence of clearcutting and road construction, and some resource impacts. Nonparametric statistical methods
are employed to test the significance...
Human activity has led to the reactivation of
portions of a Pleistocene landslide complex in The Dalles,
Oregon. Slope movements are in rocks of the Chenowith
formation: agglomerate, conglomerate, tuff breccia, sandstone,
and siltstone. Slope movements occur in at least
two distinct areas in The Dalles. At one, the shear...
Corvallis has been growing steadily in terms of
population and functions of the city while the biotic resources
of the immediate environs have declined. This
study sought to examine land use changes of North Corvallis
rural-urban fringe area between 1963 and 1978 by interpreting
the changes from aerial photographs. The...
Compromises required for the passage of the Wilderness
Act (1964) created inherent conflicts in the designation and administration
of wilderness areas. Subsequent legislation helped to more
firmly interpret and define the Act. Attendant policy changes suggest
a trend to increase the recreational and economic utility of wilderness.
Policy changes also...
A program, Color Choropleth Mapping System (CCMS), has
been developed to provide high quality color choropleth maps at
the Geography Department at Oregon State University. The program
operates interactively and is menu-driven. When developing the
software for mapping programs, programmers need to be aware of
cartographic theory, as well as...
Ponderosa pine trees exhibiting large oval scars on
their trunks are found in northeastern Oregon. Patterns
in the occurrence and morphology of the scarred trunks
raise questions of archeological interest. Examination of
ethnographic sources from the Pacific Northwest indicate
that the bark of ponderosa pine was peeled to obtain the...
This report describes the latest in a series of studies sponsored by the Nationwide Forestry Applications Program. Each such study has attempted to enhance the interpretability of remotely-sensed imagery. In this case the image type of specific interest is high-altitude color infrared (CIR) photography. This is a resource management tool...
Deforestation and accompanying environmental deterioration is a threat to the economic growth and to the survival of the Himalayan kingdom of Nepal . There is need for a comprehensive forest rehabilitation program tailored to the different conditions of the Terai plain, Middle Hills and the Highland Himalaya regions of the...
Suburban mobility has become a major issue as extensive
office and industrial developments are being located within the
traditional suburban areas causing increased congestion on both the
arterial and local road system. This study analyzes the impacts one
development has on the surrounding street system and the adjacent
residential areas....
Industrial expansion in a small city can have
a wide range of effects upon the immediate community and
surrounding labor force area. One example of this is the
impact that Tektronix, a worldwide electronics firm, could
have on the City of Lebanon, Oregon, where a plant, initially
employing about 500...
Irrigation is essential for profitable agriculture in the western
United States. It is the largest consumer of water and power in
Oregon. Conflicting uses of water and power and their scarcity demands
judicious planning for allocation of these resources. Creditable
baseline data are not only needed for irrigated crop acreages,...
A slide inventory was conducted for a small watershed
in the northern Oregon Coast Range. Data on geology,
topography and climate were used to evaluate land stability
in the Moss Creek basin. As expected, a strong correlation
with slope steepness was shown. In addition, failures
predominantly occurred on slopes with...
Knowledge of the timber production potential of a wildland area plays an important role in its wise management. For the past several years, resource managers of the United States Forest Service (USFS) at the Plumas National Forest have been concerned with the establishment of a procedure to evaluate timber production...
Efforts to directly control the amount and timing of residential
growth in Aumsville, Oregon, were unsuccessful in receiving approval
from the Land Conservation and Development Commission (LCDC) at a series
of public hearings in 1978. A review of the issues raised at the hearings
suggests LCDC supports the right of...
During the 1981 grazing season four sets offecal
coliform (FC) concentration data were collected from
streams on sheep grazed clear cut units on the Alsea
Ranger District of the Siuslaw National Forest. The objective
of the study was to access bacterial water quality impacts
from sheep grazing. Sample sites were...
Increased demand for wood fiber has necessarily
increased the intensity of forest management in recent years.
In the Pacific Northwest the release of deciduous vegetation
following clearcutting of Douglas-fir is a major problem.
Herbicides which have been used in the past to control this
brush competition may no longer be...
Pleistocene glaciation in the upper elevations of the
Western Cascade Mountains took two characteristic forms: cirque and
valley glaciers. Field observations in the Neal Creek and Thomas
Creek drainage areas of Snow Peak provide evidence of three glacial
advances. Glacial landforms in the Neal Creek Valley are dominated
by a...
The 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, emplaced between 3-3.5 billion cubic yards (bcy) of poorly sorted material ranging from silt to boulders, extending from river mile (RM) 25 to RM 38 in the upper North Fork Toutle River drainage. Sediment yields from the debris avalanche were calculated...
Moire patterns have been identified by printers as
undesirable screen patterns caused by incorrect angling of
overprinted halftones. These patterns are being examined by
cartographers as a possible alternative to traditional methods
of producing patterned areas on maps. Map design guidelines
are needed before the use of moires can become...