Pasteurization radiation offers a new means of extending the
refrigerated storage life of foods. This procedure avoids many of
the undesirable changes which result when sterilization radiation is
used and still eliminates most of the spoilage organisms.
Shrimp was treated with 5 ppm chlortetracycline and subjected
to pasteurization levels of...
The over-tenderization of irradiated-sterilized meat is one
of the more important adverse effects resulting from the use of
irradiation for the preservation of meat. Although research has
been reported on the activity and effect of the inherent proteolytic
enzymes of irradiated meat, very little work has been directed toward
the...
Compounds belonging to the vitamin K family possess anti-hemorrhagic
property, and are used in treating patients suffering
from hypoprothrombinemia and obstructive jaundice. Some of
these compounds also exhibit marked antimicrobial activity toward
various microorganisms. Vitamin K₅, 4-amino-2-methyl-
1-naphthol hydrochloride, a water-soluble analog of vitamin K
has been shown to possess...
The storage life at 43°F of ground dover sole fillets (Microstomas pacificus) was determined microbiologically after treatment with
ionizing radiation and antimicrobial agents. Sodium benzoate, potassium
sorbate and the sodium salts of the methyl and propyl esters
of parahydroxybenzoic acid (MPB and PPB) all approximately doubled
the refrigerated storage life...
The two naturally occurring cyclopropene fatty acids, sterculic
and malvalic, have been synthesized. The cyclopropene ring was
made by inserting a methylene unit into an acetylenic linkage.
The synthesis of methyl sterculate was repeated using diethyl
aluminum chloride, diazomethane, and methyl stearolate.
Methyl malvalate was totally synthesized. Diethyl malonate
was...
Certain chlorinated insecticides can be identified by electron capture gas-liquid chromatographic (EC-GLC) analysis of the prepared sample before and after treatment with ultraviolet irradiation, Upon U.V. treatment, characteristic degradation products arise from the insecticides investigated. Comparison of the degradation pattern obtained by EC-GLC of unknown and authentic insecticides provides an...
Effects of high temperature aging upon certain characteristics
of bovine l. dorsi muscle were studied. Paired wholesale ribs of
carcasses were obtained subsequent to slaughter. The left rib of
each pair was held at 30°C for 24 hours, then stored at 3°C.
Analogous right ribs were immediately stored at 3°C....
Diets containing cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA) were fed to
rainbow trout. At a level of 223 ppm (from Sterculia foetida oil),
these CPFA in six weeks reduced weight gain by as much as 50 percent
over the control fish on the same diet without CPFA. Compounds
containing the intact cyclopropene...
The composition and some qualitative aspects of ground beef
offered for sale in Corvallis, Oregon were studied. Samples were
purchased from six retail markets twice weekly throughout a six
week test period. Three stores were independently owned and operated
and three were chain stores.
Differences in moisture, fat and protein...
The electrophoretic behavior of sarcoplasmic proteins was
investigated by the use of vertical acrylamide gel electrophoresis.
The first part of the study was concerned with the separation of
sarcoplasmic proteins extracted at different times of post-mortem
aging. Electrophoresis of the sarcoplasmic extracts by the discontinuous
technique, using ten percent acrylamide...
Studies involving freeze-dried methyl linolenate-gelatin foams indicate that the extent of lipid-protein interaction corresponds to the degree of autoxidation of the lipid fraction. It appears that approximately 11% of the malonaldehyde as defined by the 2-thiobarbituric acid test is firmly bound to the protein. The induction period of autoxidation is...
Seven species of microorganisms indigenous to fish were inoculated into sterile fish muscle, obtained from Sebastodes alutus and Sebastalobus alascanus, and the production of total volatile acids (TVA) and total volatile bases (TVB) was determined during storage at 1 C. No production of TVA and TVB was noted in sterile...
Pesticide chemists have recognized since the 1940's that ultraviolet light was deleterious to the insecticidal properties of certain compounds. However, it has been only within the last 15 years that a number of photodecomposition products of the chlorinated hydrocarbon
insecticides have been isolated and identified. The degradation of insecticides by...
A threshold pattern for the even-numbered free fatty acids (FFA) in butter depended on chain-length. Butyric acid had the lowest total average flavor threshold (AFT) of the more volatile FFA, and the total AFT values increased as chain-length increased through hexanoic and octanoic acids. A soapy after-taste predominated at and...
Thermal oxidation of methyl oleate was studied over a range of temperatures from 50 C to 150 C for periods of time up to 30 min. Degradation was quantitatively followed by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and liquid scintillation counting of the products of methyl oleate-U-14C heated under a stream of...
Dimethyl sulfide, acetaldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, furan, 2-furaldehyde, 2-acetyl furan, and ethyl furoate were produced when pureed strawberries were heated to 120° C. for 30 minutes. Shorter heating periods were sufficient to produce the first three compounds. With the exception of acetaldehyde, none of the heat-induced compounds were detected in unheated, pureed...
Cranberries are processed mainly for the production of jelly,
sauce and juice. The content of pectic substances in the cranberry
gives the fruit a desirable property for processing such products.
Pectic enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of pectic substances
may affect the consistency of these products.
The concern of this...
Eighty-one microbial species isolated from seafoods and other marine sources were examined to determine the extent of interactions among these species. Spot-plates, cross-plates, and concurrent growth experiments at 7, 15, 20, and 30 C indicated that Lactobacillus species were capable of inhibiting other microorganisms. Lactobacillus species isolated from oysters and...
Due to the scarcity of information concerning the oxidase systems
in cranberries the peroxidase, catalase, and polyphenolase systems,
which are used as biochemical indexes of adequacy for enzyme inactivation
in other fruits and vegetables, were investigated.
Enzyme extracts were prepared from acetone powders with and
without phenol-binding agents such as...
Selected parameters that affect crude toxin production in both
primary culture (growing cell culture) and resting culture were
examined during efforts to produce sufficient crude toxin for purification.
The parameters included carbohydrate and label source and
concentration, cell concentration, incubation time and temperature
and shaker speed. A higher yield of...
Studies were conducted to determine the post-mortem stability
of lysosomes in the white muscle of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)
and to determine whether lysosomal stability was related to rigor
mortis and its subsequent dissolution. In addition, isolated lysosomes
were subjected to different environments in an attempt to detect some
of...
The reaction of several primary amines with nitrite was investigated
with regard to the formation of N-nitrosamines. When reacted
in a low moisture system at 160°C with a 1:2 molar ratio of amine to
sodium nitrite, various primary amine hydrochloride salts were found
to give rise to heterocyclic nitrosamines. The...
Proteases present in shrimp processing waste are factors in the
technology of shrimp. The distribution of proteolytic activity in
shrimp parts was determined using hemoglobin and casein as substrates. The effects of various parameters upon activity of proteases
in the inedible portion were determined using muscle protein as a
substrate....
Cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA) are natural components of
cottonseed oil, a major food oil in the United States. The ability of
CPFA to cause abnormal biochemical and physiological effects when
fed to laboratory and farm animals has prompted an investigation of
their effects on mice.
Between 0.05 and 0.55% CPFA...
The influence of polyphosphates upon the emulsification of
enzymatic hydrolyzates of casein and lactalbumin and upon salt-soluble
meat proteins was determined by a model system in which
oil-in-water emulsions were formed.
Sodium acid pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate and
sodium hexametaphosphate were mixed together in a weight ratio
of 4:2:4, respectively, to...
The reactions between sodium nitrite and the polyamines
spermidine and spermine were investigated. When reacted at 80°C
for 1 hr at pH 3.5 with a 1:3 molar ratio of amine groups to sodium
nitrite, five volatile nitrosamines were identified as products in the
nitrosation of spermidine. 3HC1, and two volatile...
Triplicate groups of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fed six
diets; five based on fish protein concentrate (FPC) ranging in caloric
density from 4.36 to 6.19 kcal/g, and one based on vitamin free
casein with a caloric density of 5.26 kcal/g were evaluated with
respect to diet ingredient utilization. The parameters...
Porapak Q, Chromosorb 102, and Tenax GC, three porous
polymers commonly used as adsorbents in headspace analyses were
investigated. The retention times of various low-boiling compounds
relative to water were measured on the collection columns to determine
which compounds would be lost during the water removal step
employed after sampling...
The development of whey beverages including whey wine has been
an area of whey utilization research. One study to produce a commercially
salable wine from sweet whey, particularly cheddar whey, was
undertaken. It included developing a process to clarify the naturally
cloudy wine, monitoring the physical and chemical changes which...
The effect of washing machine separated rockfish flesh on
composition, quality and desirability was investigated.
Washing machine separated rockfish flesh resulted in a
36.88% loss of solids. The greatest reductions were found in the ash
(80.32%) and lipid (65.13%) levels in the washed flesh. Most of the
sarcoplasmic proteins were...
The objective of this investigation was to develop an acceptable
aspartame sweetened orange sherbet which might offer significant
caloric reduction and cost advantages, and hence be applicable to
commercial production.
A control sherbet, with a preference level equal to a
commercially available orange sherbet was used as the reference.
An...
The proteolytic enzymes in the visceral organs of albacore tuna
fish (Thunnus alalunga) were studied, initially as an extract of the
whole viscera, then as extracts of the individual organs. Preliminary
studies indicated three pH optima of activity in the whole viscera
extracts pH 1.7, 3.1-3.5 and 9.5. Analysis of...
Cyclopropenoid fatty acids cause several physiological disorders
in rainbow trout and rats. Rainbow trout appear to be more sensitive
than rats to the effects of cyclopropenoid fatty acids. Carbon-14
labeled sterculic acid with label in the methylene position of the
cyclopropene ring was injected into the stomach of rats and...
Corn oil (CO) and Sterculic foetida oil (SFO) fed rats were
injected with [9, 10-methylene-¹⁴C]sterculic acid. Less than 1%
of the label was expired as carbon dioxide. The majority of the
label was excreted in the urine as short-chain dicarboxylic acids with
an intact cyclopropane ring. The major metabolites for...
The purpose of this study was to characterize the nonvolatile,
water soluble, bis(hydroxyalkyl)N-nitrosamines produced from the
reaction of spermidine and nitrite.
The biologically occurring polyamine spermidine was reacted
with nitrite in the presence of acid. The reaction products were
isolated and converted to trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives. The
derivatized products were...
A dose related carcinogenic response was established for dimethylnitrosamine
administered in the diet of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).
An equation was derived for the relationship between dose and hepatocellular
carcinoma incidence. From a published dose response study
using Porton rats as a test animal, a second equation was derived
for...
Stability, substrate and inhibitor specificity and electrophoretic
properties of a crude polyphenol oxidase (PPO) preparation extracted
from d'Anjou pears (Pyrus communis L.) were investigated. Levels
of polyvinylpyrrolidone and pH of buffer for extraction were found
to affect the specific activity of the extracted enzyme. An extract
prepared with 1.5 g...
Investigations were conducted to determine the nature, type,
functional properties and the amounts of different proteins found in
bovine rumen tissue.
Data concerning the effect of pH and salt concentration on
the extractability of proteins from rumen tissue indicated that 92%
of the proteins could be extracted in aqueous solutions...
The optimum conditions for the proteolytic solubilization of
trash fish and processing carcass waste in a simple shell-in-tube
heat exchange system was investigated. The nutritional and chemical
effects of processing variables were evaluated.
An exogenous source of proteolytic enzymes (albacore tuna
viscera, Thunnus alalunga) yielded a linear increase in the...
In order to determine the source of bacteria in Tillamook Bay,
Oregon, water samples were collected monthly for six months during
the rainy season from October 1975 through March 1976 from the bay
and its tributaries, the Kilchis, Trask, Tillamook, and Wilson
Rivers.
Fecal coliform levels of these samples were...
The formation of 3-hydroxy-N-nitrosopyrrolidine from decarboxylation
of 4-hydroxy-N-nitrosoproline was demonstrated in model
heating system designed to simulate the conditions of frying bacon.
The identification of the nitrosamine was achieved by comparison of
its TLC R [subscript f] value, gas chromatographic retention time, and mass
spectral fragmentation pattern with those of...
Flavor problems associated with the use of cheddar cheese
whey in the formulation of ice cream and other food products were
investigated. During spray drying of whey, which transforms bulky
liquid whey into an easily transportable and storable powder,
various degrees of off-flavor development may occur depending on
the care...
Bacillus subtilis α-amylase was used to hydrolyze
starch from peeled and whole potatoes (Solanum tuberosum).
Effect of gelatinization temperature, pH, enzyme concentration,
temperature of hydrolysis and presence of calcium
ions were investigated. Optimum conditions for hydrolysis
were when α-amylase levels were 0.3 percent of the starch
concentration in the presence...