Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) have used central New York waters for breeding and stopover habitats during migration since 1984. In response to public concern over Oneida Lake, the United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation initiated an integrated research, management and...
The addition of macromolecules to solvent, even in dilute quantities, can significantly alter a fluid's response in an extensional, or stretching, flow. When high-molecular-weight polymers are extended in solution, extensional thickening can result, yielding viscosities that are orders of magnitude larger than values found in shear. Examples of applications where...
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymer has been the material of choice for packaging industry as a result of its excellent mechanical and physical properties. These properties are highly dependent on the microstructure, chemistry, and processing conditions of this material. PET is often oriented in the machine direction (MD), the transverse direction...
Additive manufacturing and 3D printing have become household names as both hobbyistsand industrial manufacturers utilize fast, inexpensive prototyping and production of functionalparts. Additive manufacturing is being revolutionized with 3D printers such as theMulti Jet Fusion 3D from HP, Inc., where each volume pixel, or voxel, can be independentlyfunctionalized. Voxel-by-voxel printing...
Seed shattering is a constraint to improvement of seed yield in Lolium perenne L. and as a result, seed retention is an essential trait for this valuable crop. Field studies were conducted near Corvallis, OR in two years (2017-2018 and 2018-2019) to identify genetic variation for seed retention and to...
Extending rheological characterization methods to very small length scales is of interest. AC susceptometry using magnetic nanoparticle probes has been proposed for measurement of frequency-dependent rheological properties at the nanoscale. As this technique has been primarily used for ideally Newtonian fluids, this research aimed to extend this technique to viscoelastic...
This project discuses the design of a novel apparatus for measuring the interfacial rheological properties of a complex interface while measuring the concentration of redox species within the sub-phase. Preliminary measurements made using the apparatus are also presented. The objective of the preliminary experimentation was to simultaneously measure the interfacial...
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Travis W. Walker
This project discuses the design of a novel apparatus for measuring the
Insoluble surfactants are unique molecules that have the ability to manipulate interfacial properties, becoming useful in numerous applications such as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, dispersants, and more. Interfacial rheology is a field that attempts to characterize the flow properties of insoluble surfactants by exerting a stress on the...
The Brownian motion of micron-scale particles reflects the viscoelastic response of the local environment of the medium. Tracking the thermal fluctuations of these particles is a measure of the rheology of the material at the microscopic scale. This technique is called passive microrheology. Microrheology has been developed to assess the...
Highly elastic solutions have been shown to increase contaminant removal from silicon wafers, indicating the possibility for reduced reliance upon hazardous chemicals and expensive technologies during the fabrication of semiconductor devices. The onset of this enhanced removal is explored using rinsing and siphoning experimentswith polymer fluids of high molecular weights...
Xanthan gum, a naturally produced polysaccharide, is biocompatible, and it is commonly used as a food additive. When combined with trivalent ions, such as chromium (III), a gel can form. Various concentrations of xanthan gum and chromium (III) nitrate were combined to evaluate the sol-gel transition of this system. Samples...
Suspensions of particles in fluids are everywhere in our life, such as paints, pharmacies, food, etc. Suspensions can exhibit properties that common fluids do not possess. For example, the paint needs to flow well when brushing so that it can be smeared on the wall, which is aided by the...
Main Street USA in Southern California’s Disneyland theme park is often described as nostalgic. However, previous research on this subject has failed to identify what elements actually make Main Street USA nostalgic as well as determine why Disney uses this nostalgia to influence park guests. In order to respond to...
Headwater streams are an integral part of the ecological health of the greater stream network as they provide valuable biological habitat, provide upwards to 95% of total in channel flow, while providing downstream reaches with important constituents such as sediment and woody debris. Small headwater streams are particularly susceptible to...
Global Positioning Systems have allowed for precise timing of power system measurements over wide areas. This newly found capability has the potential to provide much greater insight into the operation of the power system and its response to contingencies, but few analytical techniques currently exist that provide enough robustness and...
The thermodynamic and structural effects of highly anisotropic, short-ranged attraction are investigated for single- and four-site interaction models using Wertheim's multi-density graph theory of chemical association. Both models consist of associating hard spheres, where the saturable attraction sites are described by conical wells centered in the hard core and evaluated...
Microtechnology was used to study the chemical reduction of dissolved carbon dioxide into useful products. A novel TiO₂ photocatalyst was used to activate the reaction under ultraviolet irradiation. CO₂ was dissolved in aqueous and 50% BMIM-BF₄ (ionic liquid) solutions. The introduction of an ionic liquid increased the solubility of CO₂...
Many large-scale data analysis applications involve data that can vary over both time and space. Often the primary goal of analyzing spatiotemporal data is identifying trends, movements, and sudden changes with respect to time, location, or both. This can include a variety of applications in economics (housing prices, unemployment, job...
Streptococcus gordonii is a bacterial species that naturally colonizes the oral cavity of most healthy humans. It resides in the mouth as an adherent to dental surfaces and, with few exceptions, does not cause disease in individuals it inhabits. It possesses qualities that encourage its use as a vector to...
Rising global temperatures are having lasting effects on mountain snow environments in the form of diminishing snowpacks, shorter accumulation seasons, and shifts in meltwater timing. Seasonal snowpack is a vital source of water for natural and human systems. In the forested mountain landscapes of the Pacific Northwest seasonal snowmelt feeds...
Denitrifying bioreactors are an edge-of-field treatment technology particularly well suited for nitrate removal from subsurface (tile) drainage effluent of agricultural lands. The effectiveness of a proposed denitrifying bioreactor is site-specific and depends upon the complicated interplay of field and environmental parameters controlling discharge events, nitrate concentrations, subsurface temperatures, dissolved oxygen...
Quantifying and modeling processes involved in the global carbon cycle is important to evaluate the temporal and spatial variability of these processes and understand the effect of this variability on future response to changing climate and land use patterns. Biomass accumulation and Net Primary Productivity (NPP) are large components of...
The epistemic practices that make up engineering are poorly understood and there is a lack of empirical research on this topic. Characterizing the epistemic practices of engineering students, faculty, and professionals is critical to creating effective curriculum that aids in developing student’s epistemic practices. Doing so allows us to better...
Intersections pose unique transportation challenges regarding safety and operational efficiency. When pedestrians currently want to cross at intersection, they need to use a push button to issue a call for service. The call is static and cannot be altered or changed. But by implementing dynamic passive pedestrian detection sensors, intersections...
Hatchability of broiler eggs has not increased over the last twenty years. Increasing hatchability with in ovo technology may be possible through feeding metabolic modulators to the developing embryo. Exogenous fatty acids and antioxidants provided during incubation may enhance polyunsaturated fatty acid, lipid, and antioxidant status of the chicken embryo....
Traditional public health bacterial indicators of water quality and the Biolog® system were evaluated to compare their response to other indicators of stream condition with the state of Oregon and between ecoregions (Coast Range, Willamette Valley, Cascades, and Eastern Oregon). Forty-three randomly selected Oregon rivers were sampled during the summer...
Green technology in the United States has been on the rise over the past few decades in the United States. However, certain green technologies have been developed in the absence of design standards. Ecoroofs, which are vegetated soil masses placed on the top of a building’s roof structure, present several...
Life cycle exposures to hazards from existing and newly developed products and production processes, demands from external stakeholders for compliance with regulations, requirements from internal stakeholders for connecting management systems to lean company initiatives and market pressures have motivated U.S. based semiconductor companies to adopt an integrated-lean approach to environment,...
In the Northwest Great Basin, aspen (Populus tremuloides) communities uniquely contribute to the biodiversity of a semi-arid, sagebrush-dominated landscape. In this same region, western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) is encroaching into aspen stands. This study determined the timing, extent, and some of the effects of this expansion. Aspen stands below 2,133...
Architects and engineers are two key types of design professionals who influence the use of wood products in construction. Eighty to ninety percent by volume of all residential structures in the U.S. are wood (Gupta, 2005). In 2010, the non-residential market was made up by 10% wood, 60% steel and...
Image classification is a difficult problem, often requiring large training sets to get satisfactory results. However this is a task that humans perform very well, and incorporating user feedback into these learning algorithms could help reduce the dependency on large amounts of labeled training data. This process has already been...
This study, conducted with the cooperation of the Oregon Comprehensive
Health Planning Agency, Salem, had a threefold purpose:
(1) to identify the role of the physician's assistant (PA) in Oregon,
(2) to provide substantive data for recommendations regarding changes
in PA licensure, and (3) to provide information which may be...
Anne Frances Wysocki, a scholar in the field of new media and composition studies, has published many articles, book chapters, a textbook, and is a major contributor to a multi-authored collection titled Writing New Media: Theory and Applications for Expanding the Teaching of Composition. This thesis considers the five openings...
Geologic CO₂ sequestration is a climate change mitigation strategy that prevents CO₂ emissions to the atmosphere by capturing CO₂ gasses from large point source emissions streams and then pressurizing and pumping the supercritical-state CO₂ into underground geologic storage reservoirs. Once underground, CO₂ is prevented from buoyant migration to the surface...
Heparin was modified and immobilized to surface-activated silica surfaces using two different reaction schemes. End-aminated heparin was reacted with 2-iminothiolane to produce free thiol groups at the terminal ends of the heparin chains. The end-thiolated heparin was immobilized by reaction with a pyridyl disulfide activated poly[ethylene oxide]-poly[propylene oxide]-poly[ethylene oxide] triblock...
The measurement of extensional viscosity is important in many chemical, biomedical, agricultural, and engineering applications. The determination of extensional viscosity is generally difficult, expensive, and inaccessible outside of research labs. The development of a smartphone application (app) that could use a phone’s high-speed camera to measure this parameter could open...
In this work, an alternating current (ac) magnetic susceptometer is designed and implemented to track the Brownian relaxation time of magnetic nanoparticles that are suspended in a liquid medium. The detection technique based on the Brownian relaxation time of magnetic nanoparticles has found its way in a variety of biosensing...
Inkjet printing offers a cost effective, highly customizable method for rapid manufacturing of functional devices with minimal material waste. Although this method has been used for a variety of composites, little work has been done in the area of 3D printing magnetic composites. Presented here is a process for inkjet...
Forest disturbances, such as wildfires, pine beetle outbreaks, and floods are important features of many landscapes and ecosystems. Many disturbances are increasing in size, frequency, and intensity due to changing climates and land management decisions. The changing ecological and aesthetic conditions following a disturbance can lead to negative short- and...
Soft magnetic composites, consisting of fine metallic particles in a non-magnetic, insulating matrix, have great potential for integrated inductor and antenna applications. The dielectric and magnetic properties of soft magnetic composites can be tailored by the choice of matrix as well as particle composition, size, and concentration for reduction in...
Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests are widely distributed throughout western North America. However, the lodgepole pine forests of central Oregon are ecologically unique to the region, with a mixed severity fire regime, low cone serotiny, and their occasional presence as a climax species. Most of the research conducted regarding the...
Silicon wafer cleaning is a ubiquitous unit operation in the semiconductor industry to remove excess material or nanoparticle impurities to obtain perfectly smooth and clean wafer surfaces. Extensive research has already been completed to understand the physics behind hydraulic jumps observed due to balance of forces when a coherent Newtonian...
Alarista succina gen. et sp. nov. (Poaceae) is described from a single floret preserved in amber of Tertiary age originating from the Dominican Republic. The new genus is characterized by 1) a narrow winged lemma awn, 2) numerous (as many as 17) lemma nerves, 3) a lengthy rachilla internode (implying...
Accurate diagnosis is the most important step in identifying and curing diseases. There are no accurate low cost disease diagnostic tools available for developing countries. The use of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices and colorimetric analysis of an assay response could solve these issues. Several colorimetric liver assays have been demonstrated...
Full Text:
Integrated, Portable Approach to Digital Medicine
Bill Bedell | Travis Heinze | Meghan Keck | Spencer
We document effects of postfire forest conditions on snow accumulation, albedo, and ablation in the Oregon Cascades. We measured snow water equivalent, solar radiation, snow albedo, and snowpack surface debris at a pair of burned and unburned forest plots. Snow accumulation was greater in the burned forest; however, the snowpack...
Unusual collections of several euphausiid, chaetognath, and copepod species help elucidate
the effects of the strong 1997/1998 El Niño off the central Oregon, USA, coast. Furcilia of Nyctiphanes simplex, a euphausiid typically found only as far north as central California, were collected in bi-weekly nearshore samples between December 1997 and...
Magnetic composites containing anisotropic magnetic particles can achieve properties not possible in corresponding bulk or thin films of the magnetic material. In this work, we discuss how planar magnetic anisotropy may be achieved in a composite by aligning disk-shaped particles in an in-plane rotating magnetic field. Previous efforts have reported...
Drops and jets of liquids that are miscible with the
surrounding bulk liquid are present in many processes from
cleaning surfaces with the aid of liquid soaps to the creation
of biocompatible implants for drug delivery. Although the
interactions of immiscible drops and jets show similarities
to miscible systems, the...
Feedbacks between the ecosystem and the economy are important to consider when measuring impacts from a disturbance but are often missed in representations of the economy and the food web. Moreover, regional general equilibrium models often focus on how humans respond to ecological changes and do not consider that in...
Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests are widely distributed throughout North America and are subject to mountain pine
beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) epidemics, which have caused mortality over millions of hectares of mature trees in
recent decades. Mountain pine beetle is known to influence stand structure, and has the ability to impact...
Full Text:
Epidemic in Central Oregon
Michelle C. Agne1*, David C. Shaw1, Travis J. Woolley1¤, Mónica E. Queijeiro
Intelligent user interfaces, such as recommender systems and email classifiers, use machine learning algorithms to customize their behavior to the preferences of an end user. Although these learning systems are somewhat reliable, they are not perfectly accurate. Traditionally, end users who need to correct these learning systems can only provide...
When intelligent interfaces, such as intelligent desktop assistants, email classifiers, and recommender systems, customize themselves to a particular end user, such customizations can decrease productivity and increase frustration due to inaccurate predictions—especially in early stages when training data is limited. The end user can improve the learning algorithm by tediously...
Many applications include machine learning algorithms intended to learn “programs” (rules of behavior) from an end user’s actions. When these learned programs are wrong, their users receive little explanation as to why, and even less freedom of expression to help the machine learn from its mistakes. In this paper, we...
Understanding the local context that shapes collective response to wildfire risk continues to be a challenge for scientists and policymakers. This study utilizes and expands on a conceptual approach for understanding adaptive capacity to wildfire in a comparison of 18 past case studies. The intent is to determine whether comparison...
Ebola viruses (EBOV) cause severe disease in humans and nonhuman primates with high mortality rates and continue to emerge in new geographic locations, including several countries in West Africa, the site of a large ongoing outbreak. Phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs) are synthetic antisense molecules that are able to target mRNAs...
BACKGROUND:
AVI-7288 is a phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer with positive charges that targets the viral messenger RNA that encodes Marburg virus (MARV) nucleoprotein. Its safety in humans is undetermined.
METHODS:
We assessed the efficacy of AVI-7288 in a series of studies involving a lethal challenge with MARV in nonhuman primates. The...
The role of nanotopographical extracellular matrix (ECM) cues in vascular endothelial cell (EC) organization and function is not well-understood, despite the composition of nano- to microscale fibrillar ECMs within blood vessels. Instead, the predominant modulator of EC organization and function is traditionally thought to be hemodynamic shear stress, in which...
Widespread, rapid, drought-, and infestation-triggered tree mortality is emerging as a phenomenon affecting forests globally and may be linked to increasing temperatures and drought frequency and severity. The ecohydrological consequences of forest die-off have been little studied and remain highly uncertain. To explore this knowledge gap, we apply the extensive...
The Messenger magazine is published twice annually by Oregon State University Libraries. In this issue: Celebrating our 10th anniversary of the Valley Library remodel
The level of polymorphisms of many biochemical and DNA markers are low in
cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The number of mapped public DNA
markers is limited. Molecular markers have not been developed for the most
important diseases of sunflower, such as downy mildew. The objectives of this
study were...
Proteases present in shrimp processing waste are factors in the
technology of shrimp. The distribution of proteolytic activity in
shrimp parts was determined using hemoglobin and casein as substrates. The effects of various parameters upon activity of proteases
in the inedible portion were determined using muscle protein as a
substrate....
One of the greatest threats to native bull trout Salvelinus confluentus populations is the presence of non-native brook trout S. fontinalis. This study, conducted in two second-order Eastern Oregon streams, investigates the effect of brook trout on the feeding behavior arid diet of bull trout. Feeding behavior, microhabitat use, and...
Treatment of round shrimp (3 days post-catch) in 6% condensed
phosphate solution at temperatures ranging from 39 (3.9°C) to 86°F
(30°C) reduced meat yield derived by mechanical peeling from 30.0
to 16.4% (wet wt.) according to the linear function y = -.2787 x +
42.7262 (P>.005). Condensed phosphate treatment at...
Members of the family Simuliidae were studied in a single,
confined drainage system. In addition to determining the occurrence
and distribution of the species present, biological and ecological
observations were made. Specific measurements and observations
were accomplished to determine as much as possible about the habitat
specificity and life cycle...
Understanding the origin and nature of intra specific biodiversity enables us to better conserve and manage animal populations. Biological diversity is seen at different scales and for different traits such as behavior, morphology, physiology, and life history. Behavior is especially important since behavioral changes are believed to precede changes in...
While the U.S. energy portfolio increasingly includes renewables, social acceptance of such technologies can pose an important challenge for developers. Using survey data from a random sample of nearby households (n=524), content analysis of coverage in local newspapers, and interviews with various stakeholders (n=14), I explore local social acceptance of...
This study helps to answer the broader question of why Latino students
across the U.S. persistently drop out of school at the highest rates compared to
students of other racial groups by focusing on the institutional workings of the
various levels of the Oregon school system. Latino students have the...
The goal of this study was to gather information on the autecology,
reproductive ecology, and population dynamics of Astragalus australis
var. olympicus as a baseline for conservation strategies and to help
explain its restricted range. Approximately four thousand
individuals occurred in four known population centers in the Olympic
Mountains, Olympic...
This thesis examines the origins and outcomes of Operation Paperclip, a program the U.S. government operated in the years immediately following WWII to recruit former Nazi doctors, scientists, and technicians, and capitalize on their research experience. As part of this operation, the U.S. welcomed two doctors who had conducted medical...
Electroanalytical techniques allow scientists and engineers to characterize bulk solutions as well as interfaces. Potentiostats are commonly used by researchers in a variety of disciplines to analyze the chemistry which occurs at a working electrode surface. Advancements in microelectronics and the proliferation of open-source designs have allowed researchers to construct...
Volunteers are increasingly being recruited into citizen science projects to collect observations for scientific studies. An additional goal of these projects is to engage and educate these volunteers. Thus, there are few barriers to participation resulting in volunteer observers with varying ability to complete the project’s tasks. To improve the...
From May through November 1963, a mosquito survey was
made in the city of Corvallis, Oregon. The information
obtained dealt with the species of mosquitoes found,
their seasonal occurrence and the location and nature of
their larval habitats. A quantitative and qualitative
analysis of larval and adult mosquito collections by...
Several wave energy converter designs have been recently proposed that are made of flexible materials. Flexible devices are able to generate electricity by being stretched, and are intended to simplify deployment and maintenance concerns over existing wave energy devices. Due to the relative infancy of flexible wave energy converters, however,...
The effects of rise-time and frequency on the auditory brainstem
response were studied in six normal hearing adults. Stimuli were
high-frequency gated tone-bursts with center frequencies of 8, 10,
12, and 14 kilohertz (kHz). Examined rise-times were .1, .25, .5,
and 1.0 milliseconds (msec). Duration was maintained at 2 msec....
Within the past decade, the continued-scaling of CMOS processes and improvements in industry mixed-signal integrated-circuit designs have enabled a rapid decrease in the cost, form-factor, and power for point-of-care diagnostics and electrochemical instrumentation. Similarly, advances in low-power RF designs have prompted entire System-on-Modules supporting widely varied Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications. The...
This thesis explores the use of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits at the Corvallis and Albany, Oregon Farmers' Markets and its role in food access for SNAP participants. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach combining a farmers' market survey and household interviews, the study investigated who uses SNAP at the farmers'...
The major purpose of the study was to develop a resource
guide for use at the late junior or early senior high school
level to be used with boys and girls, integrating the subjects
of homemaking and industrial arts. To plan this guide, the
writer:
1. Surveyed the industrial arts...
This study was to determine the common competencies needed in
physical education graduate curricula as perceived by physical
education teachers and other physical educators in Thailand, to
determine if differences existed among three groups of physical
educators on the Importance of Content and Level of Learning of
the selected competencies,...
All animals have developed the critical ability to detect, respond to, and detoxify a large array of environmental chemicals and stressors that can cause adverse health effects. Important examples of landmark contaminants around the world are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and dioxins, both of which can act via the aryl...
Once abundant in their native range, Pacific salmon species (Oncorhynchus spp.) were widely distributed across the northern Pacific Rim from South Korea and Japan to the Sacramento River in California. Remaining populations are subject to population-level threats, including pathogens. The freshwater parasitic copepod Salmincola californiensis is associated with the reduced...
European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is a diploid with 11 pairs of chromosomes (2n = 2x = 22), monoecious, dichogamous and wind-pollinated. Eastern filbert blight (EFB) caused by Anisogramma anomala is a serious disease of European hazelnut (Corylus avellana) in North America, and infection leads to cankers that girdle branches...
This dissertation aims to provide a comprehensive portrayal of doula care in the lives of pregnant and parenting adolescent mothers. The purpose of this research was to examine the relationships between psychosocial stress, social support, institutionalized constraints, and their impacts on health and well-being among adolescent mothers in the Northwestern...
This thesis examines the nature of publishing as a political endeavor through a detailed investigation of the feminist publishing movement in the U.S. since the 1970s. Feminist publishers emerged from an activist context of feminist struggle, and they evolved within changing political and social climates, facing ideological and economic challenges...
Acculturative stress can be associated with increased conflicts between Latino parents and adolescent youth, and have negative effects on Latino immigrant parents' psychosocial functioning and parenting practices. Yet, the potentially deleterious effects of acculturative stress on Latino immigrant parents' psychosocial functioning and parenting practices may be mitigated through positive acculturative...
Investigation into how animals move within the landscape is important for both understanding of ecological processes and conservation management. Animal movement is important in shaping life history transitions, demographics, individual fitness, and species distributions. However, as landscapes become increasingly affected by human activities, movement becomes important as species navigate landscapes...
The genus Lopidea Uhler is revised for America north of
Mexico. The relationship of Lopidea to other orthotyline
genera is discussed and it is proposed that the genus
Ilnacora Reuter is the sister group of Lopidea.
Forty-eight species of Lopidea are recognized in North
America, one of which is described...
Forecasts of the impacts of climate change have traditionally focused on individual species and their phenotypes, phenology, or distribution. However, shifts in species distributions and the resulting reorganization of community composition represent an important violation to the assumption of species acting in isolation. Whereas species may respond individualistically to climate...
This study explored the lived experiences of graduate students in masters-level academic programs who become pregnant, whether intended or otherwise, and the sources from which they received support in their efforts to balance their dual responsibilities as students and mothers-to-be. Through a series of three, semistructured one-on-one interviews, seven participants...
Ten female survivors of physically assaultive domestic violence were
interviewed three times each in a feminist, qualitative study designed to access
their perceptions about their children's experiences in domestic violence. All
participants had children living with them at the time of the abuse and were one
to five years out...
Three culverts, judged to be fish barriers, were replaced with "stream simulation" culverts on the Fremont National Forest of south central Oregon. The culvert sites are located in the Fort Rock Basin in streams that are home to resident Great Basin redband trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Great Basin redband trout is...
The Upper Napa Valley land use system is presently
agricultural and epitomized by vineyards of quality wine grapes. As
the San Francisco Bay Urban Area continues to expand the Upper
Napa Valley is brought into closer proximity to the urban margin,
and its agricultural usefulness is being threatened. Whether the...
Cyanolichens, lichens with a cyanobacterial photobiont, benefit our ecosystems by the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for other organisms. They are highly sensitive to air pollution and require liquid water for photosynthesis. Many cyanolichen species frequently occur on the ground in the Pacific Northwest, however, most macrolichen...
Mountain search and rescue is a vital form of emergency response to assist people in austere environments (e.g., extreme terrain, poor weather). Volunteer mountain search and rescue teams in the United States have begun adopting consumer- grade unmanned aerial vehicles to assist a variety of tasks (e.g., search, resource delivery);...
Various errors and influences leading to differences between tower- and aircraft-measured fluxes are surveyed. This survey is motivated by reports in the literature that aircraft fluxes are sometimes smaller than tower-measured fluxes. Both tower and aircraft flux errors are larger with surface heterogeneity due to several independent effects. Surface heterogeneity...